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American Journal of Pathology, Vol 145, 1323-1336, Copyright © 1994 by American Society for Investigative Pathology

REGULAR ARTICLES

Immunohistochemical determination of in vivo distribution of Bax, a dominant inhibitor of Bcl-2

S Krajewski, M Krajewska, A Shabaik, T Miyashita, HG Wang and JC Reed
Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Program, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, California 92037.

The protein encoded by the bcl-2 gene is a regulator of programmed cell death and apoptosis. The cell survival-promoting activity of this protein is opposed by Bax, a homologous protein that forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 and accelerates rates of cell death. In this report, the in vivo patterns of bax gene expression were immunohistochemically assessed in the mouse, with a polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to a unique region in the murine Bax protein. Direct comparisons were made with Bcl-2 by using anti-peptide antisera specific for the mouse Bcl-2 protein. The expression of bax was more widespread than bcl-2. For example, Bax immunoreactivity was present in the hepatocytes of the liver, the exocrine pancreas, and the renal tubule epithelial cells whereas Bcl-2 was absent from these tissues. Both the Bax and Bcl-2 proteins were present in several epithelia examined, including the small intestines, colon, breast, prostate, respiratory tract, and skin. The most intense Bax immunostaining was seen in cells located in the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, consistent with reports of high rates of spontaneous and inducible apoptosis in this region. Bcl-2 immunostaining was completely absent from these cells but was present in the absorptive epithelial cells of the small intestine. In contrast, Bax immunostaining in the colon tended to be stronger in the surface epithelial cells that had advanced up the crypts towards the lumen and that are destined for programmed cell death, whereas Bcl-2 immunoreactivity generally was stronger in the base of the colonic crypts. Similarly, bax expression in the gastric pits of the stomach occurred in a gradient such that higher levels of Bax immunostaining were found in the upper layers of gastric glands than in the lower regions. In addition, strong Bax immunostaining was detected in the androgen-dependent secretory epithelial cells of the prostate, whereas Bcl-2 was limited to the androgen-independent basal cells. Like Bcl-2, Bax was found in the thymic medulla but not the cortex, despite the propensity for immature cortical thymocytes to undergo apoptosis. Unlike Bcl-2, however, Bax immunostaining tended to be more intense in the germinal center lymphocytes of lymph nodes than in the interfollicular lymphocytes, consistent with the high rate of apoptotic cell death in the former.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


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A. Metcalfe, A Gilmore, T Klinowska, J Oliver, A. Valentijn, R Brown, A Ross, G MacGregor, J. Hickman, and C. Streuli
Developmental regulation of Bcl-2 family protein expression in the involuting mammary gland
J. Cell Sci., January 6, 1999; 112(11): 1771 - 1783.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 CarcinogenesisHome page
S. Sanders and S. S. Thorgeirsson
Phenobarbital promotes liver growth in c-myc/TGF-{alpha} transgenic mice by inducing hypertrophy and inhibiting apoptosis
Carcinogenesis, January 1, 1999; 20(1): 41 - 49.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CROBMHome page
P. Polverini and J.E. Nor
Apoptosis and Predisposition To Oral Cancer
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, January 1, 1999; 10(2): 139 - 152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Virol.Home page
A. Lieber, C.-Y. He, L. Meuse, C. Himeda, C. Wilson, and M. A. Kay
Inhibition of NF-kappa B Activation in Combination with Bcl-2 Expression Allows for Persistence of First-Generation Adenovirus Vectors in the Mouse Liver
J. Virol., November 1, 1998; 72(11): 9267 - 9277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Circ. Res.Home page
M. M. Kockx, G. R. Y. De Meyer, N. Buyssens, M. W. M. Knaapen, H. Bult, and A. G. Herman
Cell Composition, Replication, and Apoptosis in Atherosclerotic Plaques After 6 Months of Cholesterol Withdrawal
Circ. Res., August 24, 1998; 83(4): 378 - 387.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
V. A. Tron, M. J. Trotter, L. Tang, M. Krajewska, J. C. Reed, V. C. Ho, and G. Li
p53-Regulated Apoptosis Is Differentiation Dependent in Ultraviolet B-Irradiated Mouse Keratinocytes
Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 1998; 153(2): 579 - 585.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CirculationHome page
M. M. Kockx, G. R. Y. De Meyer, J. Muhring, W. Jacob, H. Bult, and A. G. Herman
Apoptosis and Related Proteins in Different Stages of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques
Circulation, June 16, 1998; 97(23): 2307 - 2315.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
J. Grossmann, S. Mohr, E. G. Lapetina, C. Fiocchi, and A. D. Levine
Sequential and rapid activation of select caspases during apoptosis of normal intestinal epithelial cells
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 1998; 274(6): G1117 - G1124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Zhou, S. D. Demo, T. N. McClure, R. Crea, and C. M. Bitler
A Novel Splice Variant of the Cell Death-promoting Protein BAX
J. Biol. Chem., May 8, 1998; 273(19): 11930 - 11936.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cardiovasc ResHome page
J. T Colston, B. Chandrasekar, and G. L Freeman
Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in experimental coxsackievirus myocarditis
Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 1998; 38(1): 158 - 168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
F. A. White, C. R. Keller-Peck, C. M. Knudson, S. J. Korsmeyer, and W. D. Snider
Widespread Elimination of Naturally Occurring Neuronal Death in Bax-Deficient Mice
J. Neurosci., February 15, 1998; 18(4): 1428 - 1439.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
A. Sh. Parsadanian, Y. Cheng, C. R. Keller-Peck, D. M. Holtzman, and W. D. Snider
Bcl-xL is an Antiapoptotic Regulator for Postnatal CNS Neurons
J. Neurosci., February 1, 1998; 18(3): 1009 - 1019.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
B. A. Jones and G. J. Gores
Physiology and pathophysiology of apoptosis in epithelial cells of the liver, pancreas, and intestine
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, December 1, 1997; 273(6): G1174 - G1188.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
R. D. Gascoyne, M. Krajewska, S. Krajewski, J. M. Connors, and J. C. Reed
Prognostic Significance of Bax Protein Expression in Diffuse Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Blood, October 15, 1997; 90(8): 3173 - 3178.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
X.-J. Tao, K. I. Tilly, D. V. Maravei, J. L. Shifren, S. Krajewski, J. C. Reed, J. L. Tilly, and K. B. Isaacson
Differential Expression of Members of the bcl-2 Gene Family in Proliferative and Secretory Human Endometrium: Glandular Epithelial Cell Apoptosis Is Associated with Increased Expression of bax
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1997; 82(8): 2738 - 2746.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N. K. Ossina, A. Cannas, V. C. Powers, P. A. Fitzpatrick, J. D. Knight, J. R. Gilbert, E. M. Shekhtman, L. D. Tomei, S. R. Umansky, and M. C. Kiefer
Interferon-gamma Modulates a p53-independent Apoptotic Pathway and Apoptosis-related Gene Expression
J. Biol. Chem., June 27, 1997; 272(26): 16351 - 16357.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
S. Krajewski, R. D. Gascoyne, J. M. Zapata, M. Krajewska, S. Kitada, M. Chhanabhai, D. Horsman, K. Berean, L. D. Piro, I. Fugier-Vivier, et al.
Immunolocalization of the ICE/Ced-3-Family Protease, CPP32 (Caspase-3), in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemias, and Reactive Lymph Nodes
Blood, May 15, 1997; 89(10): 3817 - 3825.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
K. S. Shindler, C. B. Latham, and K. A. Roth
bax Deficiency Prevents the Increased Cell Death of Immature Neurons in bcl-x-Deficient Mice
J. Neurosci., May 1, 1997; 17(9): 3112 - 3119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NEJMHome page
G. Olivetti, R. Abbi, F. Quaini, J. Kajstura, W. Cheng, J. A. Nitahara, E. Quaini, C. Di Loreto, C. A. Beltrami, S. Krajewski, et al.
Apoptosis in the Failing Human Heart
N. Engl. J. Med., April 17, 1997; 336(16): 1131 - 1141.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 HypertensionHome page
J. Diez, A. Panizo, M. Hernandez, and J. Pardo
Is the Regulation of Apoptosis Altered in Smooth Muscle Cells of Adult Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats?
Hypertension, March 1, 1997; 29(3): 776 - 780.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 CirculationHome page
H. Perlman, L. Maillard, K. Krasinski, and K. Walsh
Evidence for the Rapid Onset of Apoptosis in Medial Smooth Muscle Cells After Balloon Injury
Circulation, February 18, 1997; 95(4): 981 - 987.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 DevelopmentHome page
K Vekrellis, M. McCarthy, A Watson, J Whitfield, L. Rubin, and J Ham
Bax promotes neuronal cell death and is downregulated during the development of the nervous system
Development, January 3, 1997; 124(6): 1239 - 1249.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 CirculationHome page
J. Misao, Y. Hayakawa, M. Ohno, S. Kato, T. Fujiwara, and H. Fujiwara
Expression of bcl-2 Protein, an Inhibitor of Apoptosis, and Bax, an Accelerator of Apoptosis, in Ventricular Myocytes of Human Hearts With Myocardial Infarction
Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1506 - 1512.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Borner and C. Borner
Diminished Cell Proliferation Associated with the Death-protective Activity of Bcl-2
J. Biol. Chem., May 31, 1996; 271(22): 12695 - 12698.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DevelopmentHome page
R. Humphreys, M Krajewska, S Krnacik, R Jaeger, H Weiher, S Krajewski, J. Reed, and J. Rosen
Apoptosis in the terminal endbud of the murine mammary gland: a mechanism of ductal morphogenesis
Development, January 12, 1996; 122(12): 4013 - 4022.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Genes Dev.Home page
E White
Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis.
Genes & Dev., January 1, 1996; 10(1): 1 - 15.
[PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Miyashita, S. Kitada, S. Krajewski, W. A. Horne, D. Delia, and J. C. Reed
Overexpression of the Bcl-2 Protein Increases the Half-life of p21[IMAGE]
J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 1995; 270(44): 26049 - 26052.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ScienceHome page
C. M. Knudson, K. S. K. Tung, W. G. Tourtellotte, G. A. J. Brown, and S. J. Korsmeyer
Bax-Deficient Mice with Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Male Germ Cell Death
Science, October 6, 1995; 270(5233): 96 - 99.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Arch DermatolHome page
D. A. Norris
Differential Control of Cell Death in the Skin
Arch Dermatol, August 1, 1995; 131(8): 945 - 948.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Circ. Res.Home page
M. R. Bennett, G. I. Evan, and S. M. Schwartz
Apoptosis of Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Is Regulated by p53-Dependent and -Independent Pathways
Circ. Res., August 1, 1995; 77(2): 266 - 273.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Hanada, C. Aimé-Sempé, T. Sato, and J. C. Reed
Structure-Function Analysis of Bcl-2 Protein
J. Biol. Chem., May 19, 1995; 270(20): 11962 - 11969.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Cell Sci.Home page
A. Merritt, C. Potten, A. Watson, D. Loh, K Nakayama, K Nakayama, and J. Hickman
Differential expression of bcl-2 in intestinal epithelia. Correlation with attenuation of apoptosis in colonic crypts and the incidence of colonic neoplasia
J. Cell Sci., January 6, 1995; 108(6): 2261 - 2271.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. J. Butt, S. M. Firth, M. A. King, and R. C. Baxter
Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-3 Modulates Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 and Potentiates p53-independent Radiation-induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., December 8, 2000; 275(50): 39174 - 39181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. Li and Q. P. Dou
Bax degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway: Involvement in tumor survival and progression
PNAS, April 11, 2000; 97(8): 3850 - 3855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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