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American Journal of Pathology, Vol 146, 3-15, Copyright © 1995 by American Society for Investigative Pathology

REVIEWS

Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death

G Majno and I Joris
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655-0125.

The historical development of the cell death concept is reviewed, with special attention to the origin of the terms necrosis, coagulation necrosis, autolysis, physiological cell death, programmed cell death, chromatolysis (the first name of apoptosis in 1914), karyorhexis, karyolysis, and cell suicide, of which there are three forms: by lysosomes, by free radicals, and by a genetic mechanism (apoptosis). Some of the typical features of apoptosis are discussed, such as budding (as opposed to blebbing and zeiosis) and the inflammatory response. For cell death not by apoptosis the most satisfactory term is accidental cell death. Necrosis is commonly used but it is not appropriate, because it does not indicate a form of cell death but refers to changes secondary to cell death by any mechanism, including apoptosis. Abundant data are available on one form of accidental cell death, namely ischemic cell death, which can be considered an entity of its own, caused by failure of the ionic pumps of the plasma membrane. Because ischemic cell death (in known models) is accompanied by swelling, the name oncosis is proposed for this condition. The term oncosis (derived from onkos, meaning swelling) was proposed in 1910 by von Reckling-hausen precisely to mean cell death with swelling. Oncosis leads to necrosis with karyolysis and stands in contrast to apoptosis, which leads to necrosis with karyorhexis and cell shrinkage.


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 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
E. Boulanger, M.-P. Wautier, P. Gane, C. Mariette, O. Devuyst, and J.-L. Wautier
The triggering of human peritoneal mesothelial cell apoptosis and oncosis by glucose and glycoxydation products
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2004; 19(9): 2208 - 2216.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
R. M. Graham, D. P. Frazier, J. W. Thompson, S. Haliko, H. Li, B. J. Wasserlauf, M.-G. Spiga, N. H. Bishopric, and K. A. Webster
A unique pathway of cardiac myocyte death caused by hypoxia-acidosis
J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2004; 207(18): 3189 - 3200.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
M. Hegde, J. Roscoe, P. Cala, and F. Gorin
Amiloride Kills Malignant Glioma Cells Independent of Its Inhibition of the Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2004; 310(1): 67 - 74.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
N. F. McLennan, P. M. Brennan, A. McNeill, I. Davies, A. Fotheringham, K. A. Rennison, D. Ritchie, F. Brannan, M. W. Head, J. W. Ironside, et al.
Prion Protein Accumulation and Neuroprotection in Hypoxic Brain Damage
Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2004; 165(1): 227 - 235.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp PhysiolHome page
D. F. Goldspink, J. G. Burniston, G. M. Ellison, W. A. Clark, and L.-B. Tan
Catecholamine-induced apoptosis and necrosis in cardiac and skeletal myocytes of the rat in vivo: the same or separate death pathways?
Exp Physiol, July 1, 2004; 89(4): 407 - 416.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 PhysiologyHome page
U. Ziegler and P. Groscurth
Morphological Features of Cell Death
Physiology, June 1, 2004; 19(3): 124 - 128.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Genes Dev.Home page
W.-X. Zong, D. Ditsworth, D. E. Bauer, Z.-Q. Wang, and C. B. Thompson
Alkylating DNA damage stimulates a regulated form of necrotic cell death
Genes & Dev., June 1, 2004; 18(11): 1272 - 1282.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCBHome page
S. Subramaniam, U. Zirrgiebel, O. von Bohlen und Halbach, J. Strelau, C. Laliberte, D. R. Kaplan, and K. Unsicker
ERK activation promotes neuronal degeneration predominantly through plasma membrane damage and independently of caspase-3
J. Cell Biol., May 10, 2004; 165(3): 357 - 369.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
T. Khudairi and B.-A. Khaw
Preservation of ischemic myocardial function and integrity with targeted cytoskeleton-specific immunoliposomes
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 5, 2004; 43(9): 1683 - 1689.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
F. Sayk, S. Kruger, J.F. M. Bechtel, A. C. Feller, H. H. Sievers, and C. Bartels
Significant damage of the conduction system during cardioplegic arrest is due to necrosis not apoptosis
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., May 1, 2004; 25(5): 801 - 806.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
N. Jiang and D. S. Pisetsky
The Effect of Dexamethasone on the Generation of Plasma DNA from Dead and Dying Cells
Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2004; 164(5): 1751 - 1759.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Castro-Obregon, R. V. Rao, G. del Rio, S. F. Chen, K. S. Poksay, S. Rabizadeh, S. Vesce, X.-k. Zhang, R. A. Swanson, and D. E. Bredesen
Alternative, Nonapoptotic Programmed Cell Death: MEDIATION BY ARRESTIN 2, ERK2, AND Nur77
J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 17543 - 17553.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
J. Feng, C. Bianchi, J. Li, and F. W. Sellke
Improved profile of bad phosphorylation and caspase 3 activation after blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia
Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2004; 77(4): 1384 - 1389.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
A. Luhrmann, N. Mauder, T. Sydor, E. Fernandez-Mora, J. Schulze-Luehrmann, S. Takai, and A. Haas
Necrotic Death of Rhodococcus equi-Infected Macrophages Is Regulated by Virulence-Associated Plasmids
Infect. Immun., February 1, 2004; 72(2): 853 - 862.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
M. Bhatia
Apoptosis versus necrosis in acute pancreatitis
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): G189 - G196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Int ImmunolHome page
O. Stehling, V. Grau, and B. Steiniger
Monocyte cytotoxicity during acute kidney graft rejection in rats
Int. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 16(1): 101 - 110.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
J. P. Schmitt and H. Aebert
Reply
Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2004; 77(1): 382 - 382.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
Y. Li, Y. Arita, H.-c. Koo, J. M. Davis, and J. A. Kazzaz
Inhibition of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway Improves Cell Viability in Response to Oxidant Injury
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2003; 29(6): 779 - 783.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
T. W. Geisbert, L. E. Hensley, T. Larsen, H. A. Young, D. S. Reed, J. B. Geisbert, D. P. Scott, E. Kagan, P. B. Jahrling, and K. J. Davis
Pathogenesis of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Cynomolgus Macaques: Evidence that Dendritic Cells Are Early and Sustained Targets of Infection
Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2003; 163(6): 2347 - 2370.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
J. A. Wickenden, M. C. H. Clarke, A. G. Rossi, I. Rahman, S. P. Faux, K. Donaldson, and W. MacNee
Cigarette Smoke Prevents Apoptosis through Inhibition of Caspase Activation and Induces Necrosis
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., November 1, 2003; 29(5): 562 - 570.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
S. Fischer, M. de Perrot, M. Liu, A. A. MacLean, J. A. Cardella, Y. Imai, M. Suga, and S. Keshavjee
Interleukin 10 gene transfection of donor lungs ameliorates posttransplant cell death by a switch from cellular necrosis to apoptosis
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2003; 126(4): 1174 - 1180.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JDRHome page
V. Janke, N. von Neuhoff, B. Schlegelberger, G. Leyhausen, and W. Geurtsen
TEGDMA Causes Apoptosis in Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Journal of Dental Research, October 1, 2003; 82(10): 814 - 818.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. O. Gjorret, H. M. Knijn, S. J. Dieleman, B. Avery, L.-I. Larsson, and P. Maddox-Hyttel
Chronology of Apoptosis in Bovine Embryos Produced In Vivo and In Vitro
Biol Reprod, October 1, 2003; 69(4): 1193 - 1200.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
N. Jiang, C. F. Reich III, and D. S. Pisetsky
Role of macrophages in the generation of circulating blood nucleosomes from dead and dying cells
Blood, September 15, 2003; 102(6): 2243 - 2250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Vet PatholHome page
C. J. Zeiss
The Apoptosis-Necrosis Continuum: Insights from Genetically Altered Mice
Vet. Pathol., September 1, 2003; 40(5): 481 - 495.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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