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American Journal of Pathology, Vol 146, 3-15, Copyright © 1995 by American Society for Investigative Pathology
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G Majno and I Joris
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655-0125.
The historical development of the cell death concept is reviewed, with special attention to the origin of the terms necrosis, coagulation necrosis, autolysis, physiological cell death, programmed cell death, chromatolysis (the first name of apoptosis in 1914), karyorhexis, karyolysis, and cell suicide, of which there are three forms: by lysosomes, by free radicals, and by a genetic mechanism (apoptosis). Some of the typical features of apoptosis are discussed, such as budding (as opposed to blebbing and zeiosis) and the inflammatory response. For cell death not by apoptosis the most satisfactory term is accidental cell death. Necrosis is commonly used but it is not appropriate, because it does not indicate a form of cell death but refers to changes secondary to cell death by any mechanism, including apoptosis. Abundant data are available on one form of accidental cell death, namely ischemic cell death, which can be considered an entity of its own, caused by failure of the ionic pumps of the plasma membrane. Because ischemic cell death (in known models) is accompanied by swelling, the name oncosis is proposed for this condition. The term oncosis (derived from onkos, meaning swelling) was proposed in 1910 by von Reckling-hausen precisely to mean cell death with swelling. Oncosis leads to necrosis with karyolysis and stands in contrast to apoptosis, which leads to necrosis with karyorhexis and cell shrinkage.
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S. Castro-Obregon, R. V. Rao, G. del Rio, S. F. Chen, K. S. Poksay, S. Rabizadeh, S. Vesce, X.-k. Zhang, R. A. Swanson, and D. E. Bredesen Alternative, Nonapoptotic Programmed Cell Death: MEDIATION BY ARRESTIN 2, ERK2, AND Nur77 J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 17543 - 17553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Feng, C. Bianchi, J. Li, and F. W. Sellke Improved profile of bad phosphorylation and caspase 3 activation after blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2004; 77(4): 1384 - 1389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Luhrmann, N. Mauder, T. Sydor, E. Fernandez-Mora, J. Schulze-Luehrmann, S. Takai, and A. Haas Necrotic Death of Rhodococcus equi-Infected Macrophages Is Regulated by Virulence-Associated Plasmids Infect. Immun., February 1, 2004; 72(2): 853 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Bhatia Apoptosis versus necrosis in acute pancreatitis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): G189 - G196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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O. Stehling, V. Grau, and B. Steiniger Monocyte cytotoxicity during acute kidney graft rejection in rats Int. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 16(1): 101 - 110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. P. Schmitt and H. Aebert Reply Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2004; 77(1): 382 - 382. [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. Li, Y. Arita, H.-c. Koo, J. M. Davis, and J. A. Kazzaz Inhibition of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway Improves Cell Viability in Response to Oxidant Injury Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2003; 29(6): 779 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. W. Geisbert, L. E. Hensley, T. Larsen, H. A. Young, D. S. Reed, J. B. Geisbert, D. P. Scott, E. Kagan, P. B. Jahrling, and K. J. Davis Pathogenesis of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Cynomolgus Macaques: Evidence that Dendritic Cells Are Early and Sustained Targets of Infection Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2003; 163(6): 2347 - 2370. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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J. A. Wickenden, M. C. H. Clarke, A. G. Rossi, I. Rahman, S. P. Faux, K. Donaldson, and W. MacNee Cigarette Smoke Prevents Apoptosis through Inhibition of Caspase Activation and Induces Necrosis Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., November 1, 2003; 29(5): 562 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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S. Fischer, M. de Perrot, M. Liu, A. A. MacLean, J. A. Cardella, Y. Imai, M. Suga, and S. Keshavjee Interleukin 10 gene transfection of donor lungs ameliorates posttransplant cell death by a switch from cellular necrosis to apoptosis J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2003; 126(4): 1174 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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V. Janke, N. von Neuhoff, B. Schlegelberger, G. Leyhausen, and W. Geurtsen TEGDMA Causes Apoptosis in Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts Journal of Dental Research, October 1, 2003; 82(10): 814 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. O. Gjorret, H. M. Knijn, S. J. Dieleman, B. Avery, L.-I. Larsson, and P. Maddox-Hyttel Chronology of Apoptosis in Bovine Embryos Produced In Vivo and In Vitro Biol Reprod, October 1, 2003; 69(4): 1193 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. Jiang, C. F. Reich III, and D. S. Pisetsky Role of macrophages in the generation of circulating blood nucleosomes from dead and dying cells Blood, September 15, 2003; 102(6): 2243 - 2250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. J. Zeiss The Apoptosis-Necrosis Continuum: Insights from Genetically Altered Mice Vet. Pathol., September 1, 2003; 40(5): 481 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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