This Article Order Full text via Infotrieve Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Dvorak, H. F. Articles by Dvorak, A. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Dvorak, H. F. Articles by Dvorak, A. M.

American Journal of Pathology, Vol 146, 1029-1039, Copyright © 1995 by American Society for Investigative Pathology

REVIEWS

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis

HF Dvorak, LF Brown, M Detmar and AM Dvorak
Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

VPF/VEGF is a multifunctional cytokine that contributes to angiogenesis by both direct and indirect mechanisms. On the one hand, VPF/VEGF stimulates the ECs lining nearby microvessels to proliferate, to migrate, and to alter their pattern of gene expression. On the other hand, VPF/VEGF renders these same microvascular ECs hyperpermeable so that they spill plasma proteins into the extravascular space, leading to the clotting of extravasated fibrinogen with deposition of a fibrin gel. Extravascular fibrin serves as a provisional matrix that favors and supports the ingrowth of new blood vessels and other mesenchymal cells that generate mature, vascularized stroma. These same principles apply in tumors, in several examples of non-neoplastic pathology, and in physiological processes that involve angiogenesis and new stroma generation. In all of these examples, microvascular hyperpermeability and the introduction of a provisional, plasma-derived matrix precede and accompany the onset of EC division and new blood vessel formation. It would seem, therefore, that tumors have "borrowed" fundamental mechanisms that developed in multicellular organisms for purposes of tissue defense, renewal, and repair. VPF/VEGF, therefore has taught us something new about angiogenesis; namely, that vascular hyperpermeability and consequent plasma protein extravasation are important, perhaps essential, elements in its generation. However, this finding raises a paradox. While VPF/VEGF induces vascular hyperpermeability, other potent angiogenic factors apparently do not, at least in subtoxic concentrations that are more than sufficient to induce angiogenesis. Nonetheless, wherever angiogenesis has been studied, the newly generated vessels have been found to be hyperpermeable. How, therefore, do angiogenic factors other than VPF/VEGF lead to the formation of new and leaky blood vessels? We do not as yet have a complete answer to this question. One possibility is that at least some angiogenic factors mediate their effect by inducing or stimulating the expression of VPF/VEGF. In fact, there is already one clear example of this. TGF-alpha is a potent angiogenic factor but does not itself increase microvascular permeability. However, TGF-alpha strikingly upregulates VPF/VEGF expression in cultured keratinocytes and is thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the overexpression of VPF/VEGF in psoriasis. Moreover, overexpression of TGF-alpha, along with that of the EGF receptor with which it interacts, is characteristic of many malignant tumors, raising the possibility that TGF-alpha acts to stimulate VPF/VEGF expression in other types of epithelial cells and in this manner induces angiogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				H. Hvid, I. Teige, P. H. Kvist, L. Svensson, and K. Kemp TPA induction leads to a Th17-like response in transgenic K14/VEGF mice: a novel in vivo screening model of psoriasis Int. Immunol., August 1, 2008; 20(8): 1097 - 1106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. H. Kim, D. K. Hahn, C. P. Kellner, Z. L. Hickman, R. J. Komotar, R. M. Starke, W. J. Mack, J. Mocco, R. A. Solomon, and E. S. Connolly Jr Plasma Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor After Treatment for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Stroke, August 1, 2008; 39(8): 2274 - 2279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Basu, A. G. Contreras, D. Datta, E. Flynn, L. Zeng, H. T. Cohen, D. M. Briscoe, and S. Pal Overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and the Development of Post-Transplantation Cancer Cancer Res., July 15, 2008; 68(14): 5689 - 5698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Sasaki, T. Nakamura, R. B. Rebhun, H. Cheng, K. S. Hale, R. Z. Tsan, I. J. Fidler, and R. R. Langley Modification of the Primary Tumor Microenvironment by Transforming Growth Factor {alpha}-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Promotes Metastasis in an Orthotopic Colon Cancer Model Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2008; 173(1): 205 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C-Y Chai, W-T Chen, W-C Hung, W-Y Kang, Y-C Huang, Y-C Su, and C-H Yang Hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} expression correlates with focal macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis and unfavourable prognosis in urothelial carcinoma J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2008; 61(5): 658 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-J. Raatschen, G. H. Simon, Y. Fu, B. Sennino, D. M. Shames, M. F. Wendland, D. M. McDonald, and R. C. Brasch Vascular Permeability during Antiangiogenesis Treatment: MR Imaging Assay Results as Biomarker for Subsequent Tumor Growth in Rats Radiology, May 1, 2008; 247(2): 391 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Wang, S. X. Zhang, R. Mott, Y. Chen, R. R. Knapp, W. Cao, and J.-x. Ma Anti-inflammatory effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor in diabetic nephropathy Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): F1166 - F1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C Pieh, H Agostini, C Buschbeck, M Kruger, J Schulte-Monting, U Zirrgiebel, J Drevs, and W A Lagreze VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and Tie2 levels in plasma of premature infants: relationship to retinopathy of prematurity Br. J. Ophthalmol., May 1, 2008; 92(5): 689 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Takei, Y. Saga, H. Mizukami, T. Takayama, M. Ohwada, K. Ozawa, and M. Suzuki Overexpression of PTEN in ovarian cancer cells suppresses i.p. dissemination and extends survival in mice Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2008; 7(3): 704 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Skondra, K. Noda, L. Almulki, F. Tayyari, S. Frimmel, T. Nakazawa, I. K. Kim, S. Zandi, K. L. Thomas, J. W. Miller, et al. Characterization of Azurocidin as a Permeability Factor in the Retina: Involvement in VEGF-Induced and Early Diabetic Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2008; 49(2): 726 - 731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Maliba, A. Brkovic, P.-E. Neagoe, L. R. Villeneuve, and M. G. Sirois Angiopoietin-mediated endothelial P-selectin translocation: cell signaling mechanisms J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2008; 83(2): 352 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Dean, G. S. Butler, Y. Hamma-Kourbali, J. Delbe, D. R. Brigstock, J. Courty, and C. M. Overall Identification of Candidate Angiogenic Inhibitors Processed by Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in Cell-Based Proteomic Screens: Disruption of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)/Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (Pleiotrophin) and VEGF/Connective Tissue Growth Factor Angiogenic Inhibitory Complexes by MMP-2 Proteolysis Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2007; 27(24): 8454 - 8465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. McAuliffe, A. J.F. Lazar, D. Yang, D. M. Steinert, W. Qiao, P. F. Thall, A. K. Raymond, R. S. Benjamin, and J. C. Trent Association of Intratumoral Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Clinical Outcome for Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treated with Imatinib Mesylate Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2007; 13(22): 6727 - 6734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Huynh, C. C. M. Teo, and K. C. Soo Bevacizumab and rapamycin inhibit tumor growth in peritoneal model of human ovarian cancer Mol. Cancer Ther., November 1, 2007; 6(11): 2959 - 2966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Zhang, Z. G. Zhang, X. S. Liu, A. Hozeska-Solgot, and M. Chopp The PI3K/Akt Pathway Mediates the Neuroprotective Effect of Atorvastatin in Extending Thrombolytic Therapy After Embolic Stroke in the Rat Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2470 - 2475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Y. Debrah, S. Mand, M. R. Toliat, Y. Marfo-Debrekyei, L. Batsa, P. Nurnberg, B. Lawson, O. Adjei, A. Hoerauf, and K. Pfarr Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF-A Gene Polymorphism are Associated with Hydrocele Development in Lymphatic Filariasis Am J Trop Med Hyg, October 1, 2007; 77(4): 601 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Fischer, T. Gerriets, C. Wessels, M. Walberer, S. Kostin, E. Stolz, K. Zheleva, A. Hocke, S. Hippenstiel, and K. T. Preissner Extracellular RNA mediates endothelial-cell permeability via vascular endothelial growth factor Blood, October 1, 2007; 110(7): 2457 - 2465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Zhou, N. Ohno, N. Terada, S. Saitoh, Y. Fujii, and S. Ohno Involvement of follicular basement membrane and vascular endothelium in blood follicle barrier formation of mice revealed by 'in vivo cryotechnique' Reproduction, August 1, 2007; 134(2): 307 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W.-L. Yeh, D.-Y. Lu, C.-J. Lin, H.-C. Liou, and W.-M. Fu Inhibition of Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability by YC-1 through the Antagonism of HIF-1{alpha} Accumulation and VEGF Expression Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2007; 72(2): 440 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Bezuidenhout, M. Bracher, G. Davison, P. Zilla, and N. Davies Ang-2 and PDGF-BB cooperatively stimulate human peripheral blood monocyte fibrinolysis J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2007; 81(6): 1496 - 1503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. R. Langley and I. J. Fidler Tumor Cell-Organ Microenvironment Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Cancer Metastasis Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2007; 28(3): 297 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Nishikiori, M. Osanai, H. Chiba, T. Kojima, Y. Mitamura, H. Ohguro, and N. Sawada Glial Cell-Derived Cytokines Attenuate the Breakdown of Vascular Integrity in Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetes, May 1, 2007; 56(5): 1333 - 1340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. U. Inan, B. Avci, T. Kusbeci, B. Kaderli, R. Avci, and S. G. Temel Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Intravitreal Injection of Full-Length Humanized Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Antibody in Rabbit Eyes Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2007; 48(4): 1773 - 1781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Brkovic, M. Pelletier, D. Girard, and M. G. Sirois Angiopoietin chemotactic activities on neutrophils are regulated by PI-3K activation J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2007; 81(4): 1093 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Thomas, T Trarbach, C Bartel, D Laurent, A Henry, M Poethig, J Wang, E Masson, W Steward, U Vanhoefer, et al. A phase IB, open-label dose-escalating study of the oral angiogenesis inhibitor PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), in combination with FOLFOX4 chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer Ann. Onc., April 1, 2007; 18(4): 782 - 788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Garcia and B. I. Rini Recent Progress in the Management of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma CA Cancer J Clin, March 1, 2007; 57(2): 112 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. I. Rini and W.K. Rathmell Biological Aspects and Binding Strategies of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Renal Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2007; 13(2): 741s - 746s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Dome, M. J.C. Hendrix, S. Paku, J. Tovari, and J. Timar Alternative Vascularization Mechanisms in Cancer: Pathology and Therapeutic Implications Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2007; 170(1): 1 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Gerber, V. Y. Rybalko, C. E. Bigelow, A. A. Lugade, T. H. Foster, J. G. Frelinger, and E. M. Lord Preferential Attachment of Peritoneal Tumor Metastases to Omental Immune Aggregates and Possible Role of a Unique Vascular Microenvironment in Metastatic Survival and Growth Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2006; 169(5): 1739 - 1752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. B. Moy, K. Blackwell, M. H. Wu, and H. J. Granger Growth factor- and heparin-dependent regulation of constitutive and agonist-mediated human endothelial barrier function Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2126 - H2135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Aplin, M. Gelati, E. Fogel, E. Carnevale, and R. F. Nicosia Angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor induce expression of inflammatory cytokines before angiogenesis Physiol Genomics, October 3, 2006; 27(1): 20 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Provenzale, G. York, M. G. Moya, L. Parks, M. Choma, S. Kealey, P. Cole, and H. Serajuddin Correlation of Relative Permeability and Relative Cerebral Blood Volume in High-Grade Cerebral Neoplasms Am. J. Roentgenol., October 1, 2006; 187(4): 1036 - 1042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S M Hyder Sex-steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2006; 13(3): 667 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Hickey, G. Krikun, P. Kodaman, F. Schatz, C. Carati, and C. J. Lockwood Long-Term Progestin-Only Contraceptives Result in Reduced Endometrial Blood Flow and Oxidative Stress J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3633 - 3638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. X Zhang, J. J Wang, G. Gao, K. Parke, and J.-x. Ma Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and inhibits VEGF-VEGF receptor 2 binding in diabetic retinopathy. J. Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 37(1): 1 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Lee, S. R. Kim, S. J. Park, H. S. Park, K. H. Min, M. H. Lee, S. M. Jin, G. Y. Jin, W. H. Yoo, and Y. C. Lee Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Vascular Permeability via Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2006; 35(2): 190 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Muruganandham, M. Lupu, J. P. Dyke, C. Matei, M. Linn, K. Packman, K. Kolinsky, B. Higgins, and J. A. Koutcher Preclinical evaluation of tumor microvascular response to a novel antiangiogenic/antitumor agent RO0281501 by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI at 1.5 T. Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2006; 5(8): 1950 - 1957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Schoffski, H. Dumez, P. Clement, A. Hoeben, H. Prenen, P. Wolter, S. Joniau, T. Roskams, and H. Van Poppel Emerging role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of advanced renal cell cancer: a review Ann. Onc., August 1, 2006; 17(8): 1185 - 1196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-i. Yamagishi, K. Nakamura, T. Matsui, Y. Inagaki, K. Takenaka, Y. Jinnouchi, Y. Yoshida, T. Matsuura, I. Narama, Y. Motomiya, et al. Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor Inhibits Advanced Glycation End Product-induced Retinal Vascular Hyperpermeability by Blocking Reactive Oxygen Species-mediated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression J. Biol. Chem., July 21, 2006; 281(29): 20213 - 20220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Lee, K. H. Min, S. R. Kim, S. J. Park, H. S. Park, G. Y. Jin, and Y. C. Lee Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Modulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression in Asthma Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2006; 174(2): 161 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A R L Medford and A B Millar Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): paradox or paradigm? Thorax, July 1, 2006; 61(7): 621 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Lee, S. R. Kim, S. J. Park, H. K. Lee, H. S. Park, K. H. Min, S. M. Jin, and Y. C. Lee Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) Reduces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation Mol. Pharmacol., June 1, 2006; 69(6): 1829 - 1839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Li, W. Shen, R. Gill, A. Corbly, B. Jones, R. Belagaje, Y. Zhang, S. Tang, Y. Chen, Y. Zhai, et al. High-Resolution Quantitative Computed Tomography Demonstrating Selective Enhancement of Medium-Size Collaterals by Placental Growth Factor-1 in the Mouse Ischemic Hindlimb Circulation, May 23, 2006; 113(20): 2445 - 2453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Ichinose, Y. Maeshima, Y. Yamamoto, M. Kinomura, K. Hirokoshi, H. Kitayama, Y. Takazawa, H. Sugiyama, Y. Yamasaki, N. Agata, et al. 2-(8-Hydroxy-6-Methoxy-1-Oxo-1H-2-Benzopyran-3-yl) Propionic Acid, an Inhibitor of Angiogenesis, Ameliorates Renal Alterations in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes, May 1, 2006; 55(5): 1232 - 1242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Marwick, C. S. Stevenson, J. Giddings, W. MacNee, K. Butler, I. Rahman, and P. A. Kirkham Cigarette smoke disrupts VEGF165-VEGFR-2 receptor signaling complex in rat lungs and patients with COPD: morphological impact of VEGFR-2 inhibition Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): L897 - L908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Padhani, C. Hayes, L. Assersohn, T. Powles, A. Makris, J. Suckling, M. O. Leach, and J. E. Husband Prediction of Clinicopathologic Response of Breast Cancer to Primary Chemotherapy at Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging: Initial Clinical Results Radiology, May 1, 2006; 239(2): 361 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Levine, A. Tulpule, D. I. Quinn, G. Gorospe III, D. L. Smith, L. Hornor, W. D. Boswell, B. M. Espina, S. G. Groshen, R. Masood, et al. Phase I Study of Antisense Oligonucleotide Against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: Decrease in Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor With Potential Clinical Efficacy J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2006; 24(11): 1712 - 1719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E.J. Reinders, T. J. Rabelink, and D. M. Briscoe Angiogenesis and Endothelial Cell Repair in Renal Disease and Allograft Rejection J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4): 932 - 942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Amrite, S. P. Ayalasomayajula, N. P. S. Cheruvu, and U. B. Kompella Single Periocular Injection of Celecoxib-PLGA Microparticles Inhibits Diabetes-Induced Elevations in Retinal PGE2, VEGF, and Vascular Leakage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2006; 47(3): 1149 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Amino, Y. Ideyama, M. Yamano, S. Kuromitsu, K. Tajinda, K. Samizu, H. Hisamichi, A. Matsuhisa, K. Shirasuna, M. Kudoh, et al. YM-359445, an Orally Bioavailable Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Has Highly Potent Antitumor Activity against Established Tumors Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2006; 12(5): 1630 - 1638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rodriguez-Porcel, X.-Y. Zhu, A. R. Chade, B. Amores-Arriaga, N. M. Caplice, E. L. Ritman, A. Lerman, and L. O. Lerman Functional and structural remodeling of the myocardial microvasculature in early experimental hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): H978 - H984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. S. Lossos and D. Morgensztern Prognostic Biomarkers in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma J. Clin. Oncol., February 20, 2006; 24(6): 995 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Mitsuyama, W. Matsuyama, J. Iwakawa, I. Higashimoto, M. Watanabe, M. Osame, and K. Arimura Increased serum vascular endothelial growth factor level in churg-strauss syndrome. Chest, February 1, 2006; 129(2): 407 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. X. Zhang, J. J. Wang, K. Lu, R. Mott, R. Longeras, and J.-x. Ma Therapeutic Potential of Angiostatin in Diabetic Nephropathy J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2006; 17(2): 475 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Mehta and A. B. Malik Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability Physiol Rev, January 1, 2006; 86(1): 279 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-l. Huang, D. Liu, J. Nakano, S. Ishikawa, K. Kontani, H. Yokomise, and M. Ueno Wnt5a Expression Is Associated With the Tumor Proliferation and the Stromal Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor--An Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2005; 23(34): 8765 - 8773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-J. Wester and H. Kessler Molecular Targeting with Peptides or Peptide-Polymer Conjugates: Just a Question of Size? J. Nucl. Med., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 1940 - 1945. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Hu, J. Hofmann, and R. B. Jaffe Phosphatidylinostol 3-Kinase Mediates Angiogenesis and Vascular Permeability Associated with Ovarian Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2005; 11(22): 8208 - 8212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. W. Miller, S. Vosseler, N. Mirancea, D. J. Hicklin, P. Bohlen, H. E. Volcker, F. G. Holz, and N. E. Fusenig Rapid Vessel Regression, Protease Inhibition, and Stromal Normalization upon Short-Term Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Inhibition in Skin Carcinoma Heterotransplants Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2005; 167(5): 1389 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Lee, H. S. Park, S. J. Park, S. R. Kim, K. H. Min, S. M. Jin, K.-H. Park, U.-H. Kim, C. Y. Kim, and Y. C. Lee A Prodrug of Cysteine, L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic Acid, Regulates Vascular Permeability by Reducing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Asthma Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2005; 68(5): 1281 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Yamashita, J. Kitayama, and H. Nagawa Hyperfibrinogenemia is a Useful Predictor for Lymphatic Metastasis in Human Gastric Cancer Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., October 1, 2005; 35(10): 595 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]