| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Regular Articles |
From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biomedical
Research,*
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, and the
Department of Protein Therapeutics,
Human
Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
Recently, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C or
VEGF-2) was described as a specific ligand for the endothelial receptor
tyrosine kinases VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. In vivo
data, limited to constitutive overexpression in transgenic
mice, have been interpreted as evidence that the
growth-promoting effects of VEGF-C are restricted to development of the
lymphatic vasculature. The current studies were designed to test the
hypothesis that constitutive expression of VEGF-C in adult animals
promotes angiogenesis. In vitro, VEGF-C
exhibited a dose-dependent mitogenic and chemotactic effect on
endothelial cells, particularly for microvascular endothelial
cells (72% and 95% potency, respectively, compared
with VEGF-A/VEGF-1). VEGF-C stimulated release of nitric oxide from
endothelial cells and increased vascular permeability in the Miles
assay; the latter effect was attenuated by pretreatment with the nitric
oxide synthase inhibitor
N
-nitro-L-arginine methyl
ester. Both VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 receptors were shown to be
expressed in human saphenous vein and internal mammary artery. The
potential for VEGF-C to promote angiogenesis in vivo was
then tested in a rabbit ischemic hindlimb model. Ten days after
ligation of the external iliac artery, VEGF-C was administered
as naked plasmid DNA (pcVEGF-C; 500 µg) from the polymer coating of
an angioplasty balloon (n = 8 each) or as
recombinant human protein (rhVEGF-C; 500 µg) by direct intra-arterial
infusion. Physiological and anatomical assessments of angiogenesis 30
days later showed evidence of therapeutic angiogenesis for both
pcVEGF-C and rhVEGF-C. Hindlimb blood pressure ratio (ischemic/normal)
after pcVEGF-C increased to 0.83 ± 0.03 after pcVEGF-C
versus 0.59 ± 0.04 (P <
0.005) in pGSVLacZ controls and to 0.76 ± 0.04 after rhVEGF-C
versus 0.58 ± 0.03 (P < 0.01)
in control rabbits receiving rabbit serum albumin. Doppler-derived
iliac flow reserve was 2.7 ± 0.1 versus 2.0
± 0.2 (P < 0.05) for pcVEGF-C
versus LacZ controls and 2.9 ± 0.3
versus 2.1 ± 0.2 (P < 0.05)
for rhVEGF-C versus albumin controls. Neovascularity was
documented by angiography in vivo (angiographic scores:
0.85 ± 0.05 versus 0.51 ± 0.02
(P < 0.001) for plasmid DNA and 0.74 ± 0.08
versus 0.53 ± 0.03 (P < 0.05)
for protein), and capillary density (per mm2) was
measured at necropsy (252 ± 12 versus 183 ±
10 (P < 0.005) for plasmid DNA and 229 ± 20
versus 164 ± 20 (P < 0.05)
for protein). In contrast to the results of gene targeting
experiments, constitutive expression of VEGF-C in adult animals
promotes angiogenesis in the setting of limb ischemia. VEGF-C and its
receptors thus constitute an apparently redundant pathway for postnatal
angiogenesis and may represent an alternative to VEGF-A for strategies
of therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with limb and/or myocardial
ischemia.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Howell, C. M. Costello, M. Sands, I. Dooley, and P. McLoughlin L-Arginine promotes angiogenesis in the chronically hypoxic lung: a novel mechanism ameliorating pulmonary hypertension Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): L1042 - L1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kodama, Y. Kitadai, M. Tanaka, T. Kuwai, S. Tanaka, N. Oue, W. Yasui, and K. Chayama Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C Stimulates Progression of Human Gastric Cancer via Both Autocrine and Paracrine Mechanisms Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2008; 14(22): 7205 - 7214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V. Benest, S. J. Harper, S. Y. Herttuala, K. Alitalo, and D. O. Bates VEGF-C induced angiogenesis preferentially occurs at a distance from lymphangiogenesis Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2008; 78(2): 315 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Horvath and Y. Zhou Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization and Extravascular Angiogenetic Techniques to Increase Myocardial Blood Flow Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 733 - 752. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Keskitalo, T. Tammela, J. Lyytikka, T. Karpanen, M. Jeltsch, J. Markkanen, S. Yla-Herttuala, and K. Alitalo Enhanced Capillary Formation Stimulated by a Chimeric Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Silk Domain Fusion Protein Circ. Res., May 25, 2007; 100(10): 1460 - 1467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tammela, Y. He, J. Lyytikka, M. Jeltsch, J. Markkanen, K. Pajusola, S. Yla-Herttuala, and K. Alitalo Distinct Architecture of Lymphatic Vessels Induced by Chimeric Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Heparin-Binding Domain Fusion Proteins Circ. Res., May 25, 2007; 100(10): 1468 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Zhao, G. Smith, J. Cai, A. Ma, and M. Boulton Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes survival of retinal vascular endothelial cells via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 Br. J. Ophthalmol., April 1, 2007; 91(4): 538 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Saito, H. Nakagami, R. Morishita, Y. Takami, Y. Kikuchi, H. Hayashi, T. Nishikawa, K. Tamai, N. Azuma, T. Sasajima, et al. Transfection of Human Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene Ameliorates Secondary Lymphedema via Promotion of Lymphangiogenesis Circulation, September 12, 2006; 114(11): 1177 - 1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Saaristo, T. Tammela, A. Farkkila, M. Karkkainen, E. Suominen, S. Yla-Herttuala, and K. Alitalo Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2006; 169(3): 1080 - 1087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hoshida, N. Isaka, J. Hagendoorn, E. di Tomaso, Y.-L. Chen, B. Pytowski, D. Fukumura, T. P. Padera, and R. K. Jain Imaging Steps of Lymphatic Metastasis Reveals That Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Increases Metastasis by Increasing Delivery of Cancer Cells to Lymph Nodes: Therapeutic Implications Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 66(16): 8065 - 8075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B Zhao, A Ma, J Cai, and M Boulton VEGF-A regulates the expression of VEGF-C in human retinal pigment epithelial cells Br. J. Ophthalmol., August 1, 2006; 90(8): 1052 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Karpanen, C. A. Heckman, S. Keskitalo, M. Jeltsch, H. Ollila, G. Neufeld, L. Tamagnone, and K. Alitalo Functional interaction of VEGF-C and VEGF-D with neuropilin receptors FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1462 - 1472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Miyata, S. Kanda, K. Ohba, K. Nomata, Y. Hayashida, J. Eguchi, T. Hayashi, and H. Kanetake Lymphangiogenesis and Angiogenesis in Bladder Cancer: Prognostic Implications and Regulation by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors-A, -C, and -D Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 12(3): 800 - 806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Ohtsuka, K. Inoue, Y. Hara, N. Morioka, K. Ohshima, J. Suzuki, A. Ogimoto, Y. Shigematsu, and J. Higaki Serum markers of angiogenesis and myocardial ultrasonic tissue characterization in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2005; 7(4): 689 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Madeddu Therapeutic angiogenesis and vasculogenesis for tissue regeneration Exp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 90(3): 315 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Baumgartner, H. C. Thoeny, O. Kummer, C. Roefke, C. Skjelsvik, C. Boesch, and R. Kreis Leg Ischemia: Assessment with MR Angiography and Spectroscopy Radiology, March 1, 2005; 234(3): 833 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Skurk, H. Maatz, E. Rocnik, A. Bialik, T. Force, and K. Walsh Glycogen-Synthase Kinase3{beta}/{beta}-Catenin Axis Promotes Angiogenesis Through Activation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling in Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., February 18, 2005; 96(3): 308 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kurahara, S. Takao, K. Maemura, H. Shinchi, S. Natsugoe, and T. Aikou Impact of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C and -D Expression in Human Pancreatic Cancer: Its Relationship to Lymph Node Metastasis Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2004; 10(24): 8413 - 8420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hoeben, B. Landuyt, M. S. Highley, H. Wildiers, A. T. Van Oosterom, and E. A. De Bruijn Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2004; 56(4): 549 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Uchiba, K. Okajima, Y. Oike, Y. Ito, K. Fukudome, H. Isobe, and T. Suda Activated Protein C Induces Endothelial Cell Proliferation by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation In Vitro and Angiogenesis In Vivo Circ. Res., July 9, 2004; 95(1): 34 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. H. Walter, M. Cejna, L. Diaz-Sandoval, S. Willis, L. Kirkwood, P. W. Stratford, A. B. Tietz, R. Kirchmair, M. Silver, C. Curry, et al. Local Gene Transfer of phVEGF-2 Plasmid by Gene-Eluting Stents: An Alternative Strategy for Inhibition of Restenosis Circulation, July 6, 2004; 110(1): 36 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Seipelt, C. L. Backer, C. Mavroudis, V. Stellmach, I. M. Seipelt, M. Cornwell, J. Hernandez, and S. E. Crawford Topical VEGF Enhances Healing of Thoracic Aortic Anastomosis for Coarctation in a Rabbit Model Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(90101): II-150 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D.C Felmeden, A.D Blann, and G.Y.H Lip Angiogenesis: basic pathophysiology and implications for disease Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2003; 24(7): 586 - 603. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Krishnan, V. Kirkin, A. Steffen, M. Hegen, D. Weih, S. Tomarev, J. Wilting, and J. P. Sleeman Differential in Vivo and in Vitro Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D in Tumors and Its Relationship to Lymphatic Metastasis in Immunocompetent Rats Cancer Res., February 1, 2003; 63(3): 713 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Dodge-Khatami, H.W.M. Niessen, A. Baidoshvili, T.M. van Gulik, M.G. Klein, L. Eijsman, and B.A.J.M. de Mol Topical vascular endothelial growth factor in rabbit tracheal surgery: comparative effect on healing using various reconstruction materials and intraluminal stents Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2003; 23(1): 6 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Losordo and A. Kawamoto Biological Revascularization and the Interventional Molecular Cardiologist: Bypass for the Next Generation Circulation, December 10, 2002; 106(24): 3002 - 3005. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Saaristo, T. Veikkola, T. Tammela, B. Enholm, M. J. Karkkainen, K. Pajusola, H. Bueler, S. Yla-Herttuala, and K. Alitalo Lymphangiogenic Gene Therapy With Minimal Blood Vascular Side Effects J. Exp. Med., September 16, 2002; 196(6): 719 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Smith Jr, K.-F. Lin, J. Agata, L. Chao, and J. Chao Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Delivery Promotes Angiogenesis in a Rat Model of Hindlimb Ischemia Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2002; 22(8): 1279 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. SAARISTO, T. VEIKKOLA, B. ENHOLM, M. HYTONEN, J. AROLA, K. PAJUSOLA, P. TURUNEN, M. JELTSCH, M. J. KARKKAINEN, D. KERJASCHKI, et al. Adenoviral VEGF-C overexpression induces blood vessel enlargement, tortuosity, and leakiness but no sprouting angiogenesis in the skin or mucous membranes FASEB J, July 1, 2002; 16(9): 1041 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Jussila and K. Alitalo Vascular Growth Factors and Lymphangiogenesis Physiol Rev, July 1, 2002; 82(3): 673 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. He, K.-i. Kozaki, T. Karpanen, K. Koshikawa, S. Yla-Herttuala, T. Takahashi, and K. Alitalo Suppression of Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis by Blocking Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3 Signaling J Natl Cancer Inst, June 5, 2002; 94(11): 819 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. N. Witmer, J. Dai, H. A. Weich, G. F.J.M. Vrensen, and R. O. Schlingemann Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors 1, 2, and 3 in Quiescent Endothelia J. Histochem. Cytochem., June 1, 2002; 50(6): 767 - 778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. V. Byzova, C. K. Goldman, J. Jankau, J. Chen, G. Cabrera, M. G. Achen, S. A. Stacker, K. A. Carnevale, M. Siemionow, S. R. Deitcher, et al. Adenovirus encoding vascular endothelial growth factor-D induces tissue-specific vascular patterns in vivo Blood, May 29, 2002; 99(12): 4434 - 4442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. K. Ozaki, K. D. Beharry, K. C. Nishihara, Y. Akmal, J. G. Ang, R. Sheikh, and H. D. Modanlou Regulation of Retinal Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Receptors in Rabbits Exposed to Hyperoxia Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2002; 43(5): 1546 - 1557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. MAKINEN and K. ALITALO Molecular Mechanisms of Lymphangiogenesis Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 2002; 67(0): 189 - 196. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Marchand, N. Noiseux, J.-F. Tanguay, and M. G. Sirois Blockade of in vivo VEGF-mediated angiogenesis by antisense gene therapy: role of Flk-1 and Flt-1 receptors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2002; 282(1): H194 - H204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-C. Tille, J. Wood, S.J. Mandriota, C. Schnell, S. Ferrari, J. Mestan, Z. Zhu, L. Witte, and M. S. Pepper Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptor-2 Antagonists Inhibit VEGF- and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis in Vivo and in Vitro J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2001; 299(3): 1073 - 1085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Karpanen and K. Alitalo Lymphatic Vessels as Targets of Tumor Therapy? J. Exp. Med., September 17, 2001; 194(6): F37 - F42. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Dodge-Khatami, C. L. Backer, L. D. Holinger, C. Mavroudis, K. E. Cook, and S. E. Crawford Healing of a free tracheal autograft is enhanced by topical vascular endothelial growth factor in an experimental rabbit model J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2001; 122(3): 554 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Skobe, L. M. Hamberg, T. Hawighorst, M. Schirner, G. L. Wolf, K. Alitalo, and M. Detmar Concurrent Induction of Lymphangiogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Macrophage Recruitment by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C in Melanoma Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2001; 159(3): 893 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Isner, P. R. Vale, J. F. Symes, and D. W. Losordo Assessment of Risks Associated With Cardiovascular Gene Therapy in Human Subjects Circ. Res., August 31, 2001; 89(5): 389 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Lu, J. Shansky, M. Del Tatto, P. Ferland, X. Wang, and H. Vandenburgh Recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Secreted From Tissue-Engineered Bioartificial Muscles Promotes Localized Angiogenesis Circulation, July 31, 2001; 104(5): 594 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. W. Losordo and J. M. Isner Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis: crouching tiger or hidden dragon? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 15, 2001; 37(8): 2131 - 2135. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R Tabibiazar and S.G Rockson Angiogenesis and the ischaemic heart Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2001; 22(11): 903 - 918. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Clarijs, L. Schalkwijk, D. J. Ruiter, and R. M. W. de Waal Lack of Lymphangiogenesis Despite Coexpression of VEGF-C and Its Receptor Flt-4 in Uveal Melanoma Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2001; 42(7): 1422 - 1428. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Zachary Signaling mechanisms mediating vascular protective actions of vascular endothelial growth factor Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2001; 280(6): C1375 - C1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Simons Therapeutic coronary angiogenesis: a fronte praecipitium a tergo lupi? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2001; 280(5): H1923 - H1927. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. F. Li, D. S. Charnock-Jones, E. Zhang, S. Hiby, S. Malik, K. Day, D. Licence, J. M. Bowen, L. Gardner, A. King, et al. Angiogenic Growth Factor Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Uterine Natural Killer Cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2001; 86(4): 1823 - 1834. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Gunningham, M. J. Currie, C. Han, K. Turner, P. A. E. Scott, B. A. Robinson, A. L. Harris, and S. B. Fox Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-B and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression in Renal Cell Carcinomas: Regulation by the von Hippel-Lindau Gene and Hypoxia Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 61(7): 3206 - 3211. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Enholm, T. Karpanen, M. Jeltsch, H. Kubo, F. Stenback, R. Prevo, D. G. Jackson, S. Yla-Herttuala, and K. Alitalo Adenoviral Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Induces Lymphangiogenesis in the Skin Circ. Res., March 30, 2001; 88(6): 623 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Karpanen, M. Egeblad, M. J. Karkkainen, H. Kubo, S. Ylä-Herttuala, M. Jäättelä, and K. Alitalo Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C Promotes Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Intralymphatic Tumor Growth Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 61(5): 1786 - 1790. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kadambi, C. Mouta Carreira, C.-o. Yun, T. P. Padera, D. E. J. G. J. Dolmans, P. Carmeliet, D. Fukumura, and R. K. Jain Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-C Differentially Affects Tumor Vascular Function and Leukocyte Recruitment: Role of VEGF-Receptor 2 and Host VEGF-A Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 61(6): 2404 - 2408. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Pepper Lymphangiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis: Myth or Reality? Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 7(3): 462 - 468. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Epstein, S. Fuchs, Y. F. Zhou, R. Baffour, and R. Kornowski Therapeutic interventions for enhancing collateral development by administration of growth factors: basic principles, early results and potential hazards Cardiovasc Res, February 16, 2001; 49(3): 532 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. E. Hoefer, N. van Royen, I. R. Buschmann, J. J. Piek, and W. Schaper Time course of arteriogenesis following femoral artery occlusion in the rabbit Cardiovasc Res, February 16, 2001; 49(3): 609 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Robinson and S. Stringer The splice variants of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors J. Cell Sci., January 3, 2001; 114(5): 853 - 865. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Kiesz, P. Buszman, J. L. Martin, E. Deutsch, M. M. Rozek, E. Gaszewska, M. Rewicki, P. Seweryniak, M. Kosmider, and M. Tendera Local Delivery of Enoxaparin to Decrease Restenosis After Stenting: Results of Initial Multicenter Trial : Polish-American Local Lovenox NIR Assessment Study (The POLONIA Study) Circulation, January 2, 2001; 103(1): 26 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Yano, H. Shinohara, R. S. Herbst, H. Kuniyasu, C. D. Bucana, L. M. Ellis, and I. J. Fidler Production of Experimental Malignant Pleural Effusions Is Dependent on Invasion of the Pleura and Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Vascular Permeability Factor by Human Lung Cancer Cells Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2000; 157(6): 1893 - 1903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Gunningham, M. J. Currie, C. Han, B. A. Robinson, P. A. E. Scott, A. L. Harris, and S. B. Fox The Short Form of the Alternatively Spliced flt-4 but not Its Ligand Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C Is Related to Lymph Node Metastasis in Human Breast Cancers Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2000; 6(11): 4278 - 4286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Abraham, R. Hofbauer, R. Schafer, R. Blumer, P. Paulus, A. Miksovsky, H. Traxler, A. Kocher, and S. Aharinejad Selective Downregulation of VEGF-A165, VEGF-R1, and Decreased Capillary Density in Patients With Dilative but Not Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Circ. Res., October 13, 2000; 87(8): 644 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. PARTANEN, J. AROLA, A. SAARISTO, L. JUSSILA, A. ORA, M. MIETTINEN, S. A. STACKER, M. G. ACHEN, and K. ALITALO VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression in neuroendocrine cells and their receptor, VEGFR-3, in fenestrated blood vessels in human tissues FASEB J, October 1, 2000; 14(13): 2087 - 2096. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Saaristo, T. A. Partanen, J. Arola, L. Jussila, M. Hytonen, A. Makitie, S. Vento, A. Kaipainen, H. Malmberg, and K. Alitalo Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C and Its Receptor VEGFR-3 in the Nasal Mucosa and in Nasopharyngeal Tumors Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2000; 157(1): 7 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Zachary, A. Mathur, S. Yla-Herttuala, and J. Martin Vascular Protection : A Novel Nonangiogenic Cardiovascular Role for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1512 - 1520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Lymboussaki, B. Olofsson, U. Eriksson, and K. Alitalo Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C Show Overlapping Binding Sites in Embryonic Endothelia and Distinct Sites in Differentiated Adult Endothelia Circ. Res., November 26, 1999; 85(11): 992 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Stacker, K. Stenvers, C. Caesar, A. Vitali, T. Domagala, E. Nice, S. Roufail, R. J. Simpson, R. Moritz, T. Karpanen, et al. Biosynthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Involves Proteolytic Processing Which Generates Non-covalent Homodimers J. Biol. Chem., November 5, 1999; 274(45): 32127 - 32136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Marchio, L. Primo, M. Pagano, G. Palestro, A. Albini, T. Veikkola, I. Cascone, K. Alitalo, and F. Bussolino Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Stimulates the Migration and Proliferation of Kaposi's Sarcoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 24, 1999; 274(39): 27617 - 27622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Shizukuda, S. Tang, R. Yokota, and J. A. Ware Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Induced Endothelial Cell Migration and Proliferation Depend on a Nitric Oxide–Mediated Decrease in Protein Kinase C{delta} Activity Circ. Res., August 6, 1999; 85(3): 247 - 256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R Kersten, P. S Pagel, W. M Chilian, and D. C Warltier Multifactorial basis for coronary collateralization: a complex adaptive response to ischemia Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1999; 43(1): 44 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Valtola, P. Salven, P. Heikkila, J. Taipale, H. Joensuu, M. Rehn, T. Pihlajaniemi, H. Weich, R. deWaal, and K. Alitalo VEGFR-3 and Its Ligand VEGF-C Are Associated with Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 1999; 154(5): 1381 - 1390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Baldwin, B. Catimel, E. C. Nice, S. Roufail, N. E. Hall, K. L. Stenvers, M. J. Karkkainen, K. Alitalo, S. A. Stacker, and M. G. Achen The Specificity of Receptor Binding by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Is Different in Mouse and Man J. Biol. Chem., May 25, 2001; 276(22): 19166 - 19171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. FRANCIS, M. K. RAIZADA, A. A. MANGI, L. G. MELO, V. J. DZAU, P. R. VALE, J. M. ISNER, D. W. LOSORDO, J. CHAO, M. J. KATOVICH, et al. Genetic targeting for cardiovascular therapeutics: are we near the summit or just beginning the climb? Physiol Genomics, December 21, 2001; 7(2): 79 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
