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(American Journal of Pathology. 1999;155:739-752.)
© 1999 American Society for Investigative Pathology


Regular Articles

Vascular Channel Formation by Human Melanoma Cells in Vivo and in Vitro: Vasculogenic Mimicry

Andrew J. Maniotis*{dagger}, Robert Folberg{dagger}{ddagger}§, Angela Hess*, Elisabeth A. Seftor*{dagger}, Lynn M.G. Gardner{ddagger}, Jacob Pe'er, Jeffrey M. Trent||, Paul S. Meltzer|| and Mary J. C. Hendrix*{dagger}

From the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology,*
University of Iowa Cancer Center,{dagger}
and the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences{ddagger}
and Pathology,§
University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; the Department of Ophthalmology,
Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and the Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland||

Tissue sections from aggressive human intraocular (uveal) and metastatic cutaneous melanomas generally lack evidence of significant necrosis and contain patterned networks of interconnected loops of extracellular matrix. The matrix that forms these loops or networks may be solid or hollow. Red blood cells have been detected within the hollow channel components of this patterned matrix histologically, and these vascular channel networks have been detected in human tumors angiographically. Endothelial cells were not identified within these matrix-embedded channels by light microscopy, by transmission electron microscopy, or by using an immunohistochemical panel of endothelial cell markers (Factor VIII-related antigen, Ulex, CD31, CD34, and KDR[Flk-1]). Highly invasive primary and metastatic human melanoma cells formed patterned solid and hollow matrix channels (seen in tissue sections of aggressive primary and metastatic human melanomas) in three-dimensional cultures containing Matrigel or dilute Type I collagen, without endothelial cells or fibroblasts. These tumor cell-generated patterned channels conducted dye, highlighting looping patterns visualized angiographically in human tumors. Neither normal melanocytes nor poorly invasive melanoma cells generated these patterned channels in vitro under identical culture conditions, even after the addition of conditioned medium from metastatic pattern-forming melanoma cells, soluble growth factors, or regimes of hypoxia. Highly invasive and metastatic human melanoma cells, but not poorly invasive melanoma cells, contracted and remodeled floating hydrated gels, providing a biomechanical explanation for the generation of microvessels in vitro. cDNA microarray analysis of highly invasive versus poorly invasive melanoma tumor cells confirmed a genetic reversion to a pluripotent embryonic-like genotype in the highly aggressive melanoma cells. These observations strongly suggest that aggressive melanoma cells may generate vascular channels that facilitate tumor perfusion independent of tumor angiogenesis.





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