| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Regular Articles |
From the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit,*
Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and
Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Ares
Serono,
Geneva, Switzerland; and the
Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia Study
Group,
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and Cox-2 convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, the precursor of other prostaglandins and thromboxanes, eicosanoids important in vascular pathophysiology. However, knowledge of the expression of cyclooxygenases within atherosclerotic lesions is scant. This study tested the hypothesis that human atheroma and nonatherosclerotic arteries express the two Cox isoforms differentially. Cox-1 mRNA and protein localized on endothelial and medial smooth muscle cells of normal arteries (n = 5), whereas Cox-2 expression was not detectable. In contrast, atheromatous (n = 7) lesions contained both Cox-1 and Cox-2, colocalizing mainly with macrophages of the shoulder region and lipid core periphery, whereas smooth muscle cells showed lower levels, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analysis. Furthermore, microvascular endothelium in plaques showed notable staining for both isoforms. In accord with immunohistochemical studies, Western blot analysis of protein extracts from normal arteries revealed constitutive Cox-1, but not Cox-2, expression. Extracts of atheromatous lesions, however, contained both Cox-1 and Cox-2 protein, detected as two immunoreactive proteins of approximately 70 and 50 kd. Macrophages expressed the short form of Cox-1/-2 constitutively after several days of in vitro culture, rather than the 70-kd protein. These results shed new light on the inflammatory pathways that operate in human atheroma. In particular, the expression of Cox-2 in atheromatous, but not in unaffected, arteries has therapeutic implications, given the advent of selective Cox-2 inhibitors.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. J. Duffield-Lillico, J. O. Boyle, X. K. Zhou, A. Ghosh, G. S. Butala, K. Subbaramaiah, R. A. Newman, J. D. Morrow, G. L. Milne, and A. J. Dannenberg Levels of Prostaglandin E Metabolite and Leukotriene E4 Are Increased in the Urine of Smokers: Evidence that Celecoxib Shunts Arachidonic Acid into the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway Cancer Prevention Research, April 1, 2009; 2(4): 322 - 329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Nacci, M. Tarquinio, L. De Benedictis, A. Mauro, A. Zigrino, M. R. Carratu, M. J. Quon, and M. Montagnani Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice with Streptozotocin-induced Type 1 Diabetes Is Opposed by Compensatory Overexpression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in the Vasculature Endocrinology, February 1, 2009; 150(2): 849 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Foudi, L. Louedec, T. Cachina, C. Brink, and X. Norel Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition directly increases human vascular reactivity to norepinephrine during acute inflammation Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2009; 81(2): 269 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Shanmugam, M. A. Reddy, and R. Natarajan Distinct Roles of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonuclear Protein K and microRNA-16 in Cyclooxygenase-2 RNA Stability Induced by S100b, a Ligand of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products J. Biol. Chem., December 26, 2008; 283(52): 36221 - 36233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. S. Leroyer, P.-E. Rautou, J.-S. Silvestre, Y. Castier, G. Leseche, C. Devue, M. Duriez, R. P. Brandes, E. Lutgens, A. Tedgui, et al. CD40 Ligand+ Microparticles From Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Stimulate Endothelial Proliferation and Angiogenesis: A Potential Mechanism for Intraplaque Neovascularization J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 14, 2008; 52(16): 1302 - 1311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. I. Schwartz, A. L. Dallob, P. J. Larson, O. F. Laterza, J. Miller, J. Royalty, K. M. Snyder, D. L. Chappell, D. A. Hilliard, M. E. Flynn, et al. Comparative Inhibitory Activity of Etoricoxib, Celecoxib, and Diclofenac on COX-2 Versus COX-1 in Healthy Subjects J. Clin. Pharmacol., June 1, 2008; 48(6): 745 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Pape, B. H. Rauch, A. C. Rosenkranz, G. Kaber, and K. Schror Transcriptional Inhibition of Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Expression by Prostacyclin in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2008; 28(3): 534 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Aneja and M. E. Farkouh Review: Adverse cardiovascular effects of NSAIDs: driven by blood pressure, or edema? Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, February 1, 2008; 2(1): 53 - 66. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T.-T. Hong, J. Huang, T. D. Barrett, and B. R. Lucchesi Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on canine coronary artery blood flow and thrombosis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): H145 - H155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Deeb, R. K. Upmacis, B. D. Lamon, S. S. Gross, and D. P. Hajjar Maintaining Equilibrium by Selective Targeting of Cyclooxygenase Pathways: Promising Offensives Against Vascular Injury Hypertension, January 1, 2008; 51(1): 1 - 7. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. S. Park, J. Kim, Y. Misonou, R. Takamiya, M. Takahashi, M. R. Freeman, and N. Taniguchi Acrolein Induces Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin Production in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: Roles of p38 MAP Kinase Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1319 - 1325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Eligini, S. S. Barbieri, I. Arenaz, E. Tremoli, and S. Colli Paracrine up-regulation of monocyte cyclooxygenase-2 by platelets: Role of transforming growth factor-{beta}1 Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2007; 74(2): 270 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Undas, K. E. Brummel-Ziedins, and K. G. Mann Antithrombotic properties of aspirin and resistance to aspirin: beyond strictly antiplatelet actions Blood, March 15, 2007; 109(6): 2285 - 2292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Gross, P. Tilly, D. Hentsch, J.-L. Vonesch, and J.-E. Fabre Vascular wall-produced prostaglandin E2 exacerbates arterial thrombosis and atherothrombosis through platelet EP3 receptors J. Exp. Med., February 19, 2007; 204(2): 311 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Ki, M. J. Choi, C. H. Lee, and S. G. Kim G{alpha}12 Specifically Regulates COX-2 Induction by Sphingosine 1-Phosphate: ROLE FOR JNK-DEPENDENT UBIQUITINATION AND DEGRADATION OF I{kappa}B{alpha} J. Biol. Chem., January 19, 2007; 282(3): 1938 - 1947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. G. E. Zarraga and E. R. Schwarz Coxibs and Heart Disease: What We Have Learned and What Else We Need to Know J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 2, 2007; 49(1): 1 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. N. Bochkov, M. Philippova, O. Oskolkova, A. Kadl, A. Furnkranz, E. Karabeg, T. Afonyushkin, F. Gruber, J. Breuss, A. Minchenko, et al. Oxidized Phospholipids Stimulate Angiogenesis Via Autocrine Mechanisms, Implicating a Novel Role for Lipid Oxidation in the Evolution of Atherosclerotic Lesions Circ. Res., October 13, 2006; 99(8): 900 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Massaro, A. Habib, L. Lubrano, S. D. Turco, G. Lazzerini, T. Bourcier, B. B. Weksler, and R. De Caterina The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate attenuates endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 induction through both NADP(H) oxidase and PKC{varepsilon} inhibition PNAS, October 10, 2006; 103(41): 15184 - 15189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Raj, P. Kanellakis, G. Pomilio, G. Jennings, A. Bobik, and A. Agrotis Inhibition of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2006; 26(8): 1845 - 1851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-G. Deng, S.-T. Tang, H.-P. Tseng, and K. K. Wu Melatonin suppresses macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by inhibiting p52 acetylation and binding Blood, July 15, 2006; 108(2): 518 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. E Vonkeman, J. R B J Brouwers, and M. A F J van de Laar Understanding the NSAID related risk of vascular events. BMJ, April 15, 2006; 332(7546): 895 - 898. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Dronadula, F. Rizvi, E. Blaskova, Q. Li, and G. N. Rao Involvement of cAMP-response element binding protein-1 in arachidonic acid-induced vascular smooth muscle cell motility J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2006; 47(4): 767 - 777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.-S. Wong, A. Asmat, Y.-H. Chan, and C.-N. Lee A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a COX-2 inhibitor (Rofecoxib) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, April 1, 2006; 5(2): 101 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. Harris and M. D. Breyer Update on Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2006; 1(2): 236 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Pavlovic, B. Du, K. Sakamoto, K. M. F. Khan, C. Natarajan, R. M. Breyer, A. J. Dannenberg, and D. J. Falcone Targeting Prostaglandin E2 Receptors as an Alternative Strategy to Block Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent Extracellular Matrix-induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression by Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., February 10, 2006; 281(6): 3321 - 3328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. R. Babaev, L. Ding, J. Reese, J. D. Morrow, M. D. Breyer, S. K. Dey, S. Fazio, and M. F. Linton Cyclooxygenase-1 Deficiency in Bone Marrow Cells Increases Early Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E- and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Null Mice Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): 108 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Deeb, H. Shen, C. Gamss, T. Gavrilova, B. D. Summers, R. Kraemer, G. Hao, S. S. Gross, M. Laine, N. Maeda, et al. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Prostaglandin H2 Synthase Nitration and Suppresses Eicosanoid Production Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2006; 168(1): 349 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-p. Zhao, P. Deng, H.-g. Huang, Z.-m. Xu, H.-y. Dai, S.-c. Hong, J. Yang, and H.-n. Zhou Expression of COX-2 mRNA in Peripheral Blood Monocytes from Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Its Significance Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2170 - 2173. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Lu and L. M. Wahl Oxidative Stress Augments the Production of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, Cyclooxygenase-2, and Prostaglandin E2 through Enhancement of NF-{kappa}B Activity in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Human Primary Monocytes J. Immunol., October 15, 2005; 175(8): 5423 - 5429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A.H. Zaidi Coxibs and cardiovascular risk Can. Med. Assoc. J., October 11, 2005; 173(8): 852 - 853. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Fosslien Cardiovascular Complications of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., October 1, 2005; 35(4): 347 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. E. Hoefer, S. Grundmann, S. Schirmer, N. van Royen, B. Meder, C. Bode, J. J. Piek, and I. R. Buschmann Aspirin, But Not Clopidogrel, Reduces Collateral Conductance in a Rabbit Model of Femoral Artery Occlusion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 994 - 1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. F. McAdam, D. Byrne, J. D. Morrow, and J. A. Oates Contribution of Cyclooxygenase-2 to Elevated Biosynthesis of Thromboxane A2 and Prostacyclin in Cigarette Smokers Circulation, August 16, 2005; 112(7): 1024 - 1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Antman, D. DeMets, and J. Loscalzo Cyclooxygenase Inhibition and Cardiovascular Risk Circulation, August 2, 2005; 112(5): 759 - 770. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Rigas and K. Kashfi Cancer Prevention: A New Era beyond Cyclooxygenase-2 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2005; 314(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Steffel, M. Hermann, H. Greutert, S. Gay, T. F. Luscher, F. Ruschitzka, and F. C. Tanner Celecoxib Decreases Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Through Inhibition of c-Jun Terminal NH2 Kinase Phosphorylation Circulation, April 5, 2005; 111(13): 1685 - 1689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Wu, J.-Y. Liou, and K. Cieslik Transcriptional Control of COX-2 via C/EBP{beta} Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2005; 25(4): 679 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. Babcock, T. Dekoj, and N. J. Espat Experimental Studies Defining {omega}-3 Fatty Acid Antiinflammatory Mechanisms and Abrogation of Tumor-Related Syndromes Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2005; 20(1): 62 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Watanabe, T. A. Barker, and B. C. Berk Angiotensin II and the Endothelium: Diverse Signals and Effects Hypertension, February 1, 2005; 45(2): 163 - 169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Egan, M. Wang, M. B. Lucitt, A. M. Zukas, E. Pure, J. A. Lawson, and G. A. FitzGerald Cyclooxygenases, Thromboxane, and Atherosclerosis: Plaque Destabilization by Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition Combined With Thromboxane Receptor Antagonism Circulation, January 25, 2005; 111(3): 334 - 342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Beloqui, J. A. Paramo, J. Orbe, A. Benito, I. Colina, A. Monasterio, and J. Diez Monocyte cyclooxygenase-2 overactivity: a new marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects with cardiovascular risk factors? Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2005; 26(2): 153 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. X. Zhang, K. M. Gauthier, Y. Chawengsub, B. B. Holmes, and W. B. Campbell Cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-dependent relaxation to arachidonic acid in rabbit small mesenteric arteries Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H302 - H309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kumagai, N. Matsukawa, Y. Kaneko, Y. Kusumi, M. Mitsumata, and K. Uchida A Lipid Peroxidation-derived Inflammatory Mediator: IDENTIFICATION OF 4-HYDROXY-2-NONENAL AS A POTENTIAL INDUCER OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IN MACROPHAGES J. Biol. Chem., November 12, 2004; 279(46): 48389 - 48396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. L. Simmons, R. M. Botting, and T. Hla Cyclooxygenase Isozymes: The Biology of Prostaglandin Synthesis and Inhibition Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2004; 56(3): 387 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Natarajan and J. L. Nadler Lipid Inflammatory Mediators in Diabetic Vascular Disease Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2004; 24(9): 1542 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Cai, L. Lanting, and R. Natarajan Growth factors induce monocyte binding to vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for monocyte retention in atherosclerosis Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): C707 - C714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Bogaty, J. M. Brophy, M. Noel, L. Boyer, S. Simard, F. Bertrand, and G. R. Dagenais Impact of Prolonged Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition on Inflammatory Markers and Endothelial Function in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease and Raised C-Reactive Protein: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study Circulation, August 24, 2004; 110(8): 934 - 939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Michelsen, M. H. Wong, P. K. Shah, W. Zhang, J. Yano, T. M. Doherty, S. Akira, T. B. Rajavashisth, and M. Arditi Lack of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor 88 reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque phenotype in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E PNAS, July 20, 2004; 101(29): 10679 - 10684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Upmacis, R. S. Deeb, M. J. Resnick, R. Lindenbaum, C. Gamss, D. Mittar, and D. P. Hajjar Involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in peroxynitrite-mediated arachidonic acid release in vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2004; 286(6): C1271 - C1280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. F. Khan, L. R. Howe, and D. J. Falcone Extracellular Matrix-induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Regulates Macrophage Proteinase Expression J. Biol. Chem., May 21, 2004; 279(21): 22039 - 22046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sussmann, M. Sarbia, J. Meyer-Kirchrath, R.M. Nusing, K. Schror, and J.W. Fischer Induction of Hyaluronic Acid Synthase 2 (HAS2) in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Vasodilatory Prostaglandins Circ. Res., March 19, 2004; 94(5): 592 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Dai and R. A. Kloner Relationship Between Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition and Thrombogenesis Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, March 1, 2004; 9(1): 51 - 59. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Shanmugam, I. T. Gaw Gonzalo, and R. Natarajan Molecular Mechanisms of High Glucose-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Monocytes Diabetes, March 1, 2004; 53(3): 795 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. de Pascual-Teresa, K. L. Johnston, M. S. DuPont, K. A. O'Leary, P. W. Needs, L. M. Morgan, M. N. Clifford, Y. Bao, and G. Williamson Quercetin Metabolites Downregulate Cyclooxygenase-2 Transcription in Human Lymphocytes Ex Vivo but Not In Vivo J. Nutr., March 1, 2004; 134(3): 552 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. H. Frishman Cyclooxygenase inhibition in patients with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 18, 2004; 43(4): 532 - 533. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Cipollone, B. Rocca, and C. Patrono Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Inhibition in Atherothrombosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2004; 24(2): 246 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. A. Belton, A. Duffy, S. Toomey, and D. J. Fitzgerald Cyclooxygenase Isoforms and Platelet Vessel Wall Interactions in the Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mouse Model of Atherosclerosis Circulation, December 16, 2003; 108(24): 3017 - 3023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Title, K. Giddens, M. M. McInerney, M. J. McQueen, and B. A. Nassar Effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition with rofecoxib on endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1747 - 1753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Verma and P. E. Szmitko Coxibs and the endothelium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1754 - 1756. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hermann, G. Camici, A. Fratton, D. Hurlimann, F. C. Tanner, J. P. Hellermann, M. Fiedler, J. Thiery, M. Neidhart, R. E. Gay, et al. Differential Effects of Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors on Endothelial Function in Salt-Induced Hypertension Circulation, November 11, 2003; 108(19): 2308 - 2311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J. Hankey and J. W. Eikelboom Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors: Are They Really Atherothrombotic, and If Not, Why Not? Stroke, November 1, 2003; 34(11): 2736 - 2740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Barbieri, S. Eligini, M. Brambilla, E. Tremoli, and S. Colli Reactive oxygen species mediate cyclooxygenase-2 induction during monocyte to macrophage differentiation: critical role of NADPH oxidase Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 187 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bea, E. Blessing, B. J Bennett, C. C. Kuo, L. A. Campbell, J. Kreuzer, and M. E Rosenfeld Chronic inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 does not alter plaque composition in a mouse model of advanced unstable atherosclerosis Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 198 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. OSTERUD and E. BJORKLID Role of Monocytes in Atherogenesis Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1069 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Shanmugam, Y. S. Kim, L. Lanting, and R. Natarajan Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Monocytes by Ligation of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products J. Biol. Chem., September 12, 2003; 278(37): 34834 - 34844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. F. de Assis, A. R. Silva, L. F. C. Caiado, G. K. Marathe, G. A. Zimmerman, S. M. Prescott, T. M. McIntyre, P. T. Bozza, and H. C. de Castro-Faria-Neto Synergism Between Platelet-Activating Factor-Like Phospholipids and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Agonists Generated During Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation That Induces Lipid Body Formation in Leukocytes J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 2090 - 2098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Belton and D. Fitzgerald Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 21, 2003; 41(10): 1820 - 1822. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bousserouel, A. Brouillet, G. Bereziat, M. Raymondjean, and M. Andreani Different effects of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the activation of rat smooth muscle cells by interleukin-1{beta} J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2003; 44(3): 601 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Chenevard, D. Hurlimann, M. Bechir, F. Enseleit, L. Spieker, M. Hermann, W. Riesen, S. Gay, R. E. Gay, M. Neidhart, et al. Selective COX-2 Inhibition Improves Endothelial Function in Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 405 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Takayama, G. Garcia-Cardena, G. K. Sukhova, J. Comander, M. A. Gimbrone Jr., and P. Libby Prostaglandin E2 Suppresses Chemokine Production in Human Macrophages through the EP4 Receptor J. Biol. Chem., November 8, 2002; 277(46): 44147 - 44154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Deeb, M. J. Resnick, D. Mittar, T. McCaffrey, D. P. Hajjar, and R. K. Upmacis Tyrosine nitration in prostaglandin H2 synthase J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2002; 43(10): 1718 - 1726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Inoue, Y. Taba, Y. Miwa, C. Yokota, M. Miyagi, and T. Sasaguri Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by Fluid Shear Stress in Vascular Endothelial Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2002; 22(9): 1415 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Bishop-Bailey, T. Hla, and T. D. Warner Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells as a Target for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Ligand Therapy Circ. Res., August 9, 2002; 91(3): 210 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sakurai, S. Alam, G. Pagan-Mercado, F. Hickman, J.-Y. Tsai, P. Zelenka, and S. Sato Retinal Capillary Pericyte Proliferation and c-Fos mRNA Induction by Prostaglandin D2 through the cAMP Response Element Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2002; 43(8): 2774 - 2781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Pitt, C. Pepine, and J. T. Willerson Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition and Cardiovascular Events Circulation, July 9, 2002; 106(2): 167 - 169. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Ardans, A. P. Economou, J. M. Martinson Jr., M. Zhou, and L. M. Wahl Oxidized low-density and high-density lipoproteins regulate the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 by activated monocytes J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2002; 71(6): 1012 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Kramer, J. Sunkomat, J. Witte, M. Luchtefeld, M. Walden, B. Schmidt, R. H. Boger, W.-G. Forssmann, H. Drexler, and B. Schieffer Angiotensin II Receptor-Independent Antiinflammatory and Antiaggregatory Properties of Losartan: Role of the Active Metabolite EXP3179 Circ. Res., April 19, 2002; 90(7): 770 - 776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Pontsler, A. St. Hilaire, G. K. Marathe, G. A. Zimmerman, and T. M. McIntyre Cyclooxygenase-2 Is Induced in Monocytes by Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma and Oxidized Alkyl Phospholipids from Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein J. Biol. Chem., April 5, 2002; 277(15): 13029 - 13036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Connolly, D. J. Bouchier-Hayes, E. Kaye, A. Leahy, D. Fitzgerald, and O. Belton Cyclooxygenase Isozyme Expression and Intimal Hyperplasia in a Rat Model of Balloon Angioplasty J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2002; 300(2): 393 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Yamada, Y. Numaguchi, K. Okumura, M. Harada, K. Naruse, H. Matsui, T. Ito, and T. Hayakawa Prostacyclin Synthase Gene Transfer Modulates Cyclooxygenase-2-Derived Prostanoid Synthesis and Inhibits Neointimal Formation in Rat Balloon-Injured Arteries Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2002; 22(2): 256 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Schonbeck and P. Libby CD40 Signaling and Plaque Instability Circ. Res., December 7, 2001; 89(12): 1092 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. A. Massy and S. K. Swan Cyclooxygenase-2 and atherosclerosis: friend or foe? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2001; 16(12): 2286 - 2289. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Davidge Prostaglandin H Synthase and Vascular Function Circ. Res., October 12, 2001; 89(8): 650 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Caughey, L. G. Cleland, P. S. Penglis, J. R. Gamble, and M. J. James Roles of Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in Prostanoid Production by Human Endothelial Cells: Selective Up-Regulation of Prostacyclin Synthesis by COX-2 J. Immunol., September 1, 2001; 167(5): 2831 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Cipollone, C. Prontera, B. Pini, M. Marini, M. Fazia, D. De Cesare, A. Iezzi, S. Ucchino, G. Boccoli, V. Saba, et al. Overexpression of Functionally Coupled Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin E Synthase in Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Plaques as a Basis of Prostaglandin E2-Dependent Plaque Instability Circulation, August 21, 2001; 104(8): 921 - 927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Hennan, J. Huang, T. D. Barrett, E. M. Driscoll, D. E. Willens, A. M. Park, L. J. Crofford, and B. R. Lucchesi Effects of Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition on Vascular Responses and Thrombosis in Canine Coronary Arteries Circulation, August 14, 2001; 104(7): 820 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. A. FitzGerald and C. Patrono The Coxibs, Selective Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2 N. Engl. J. Med., August 9, 2001; 345(6): 433 - 442. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. A. Mardini and G. A. FitzGerald Selective Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2: A Growing Class of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Mol. Interv., April 1, 2001; 1(1): 30 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Praticò, C. Tillmann, Z.-B. Zhang, H. Li, and G. A. FitzGerald Acceleration of atherogenesis by COX-1-dependent prostanoid formation in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice PNAS, March 1, 2001; (2001) 61607398. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Fosslien Mitochondrial Medicine - Molecular Pathology of Defective Oxidative Phosphorylation Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2001; 31(1): 25 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Jiang, I. Elson-Schwab, C. Courtemanche, and B. N. Ames gamma -Tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to alpha -tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells PNAS, September 22, 2000; (2000) 200357097. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Belton, D. Byrne, D. Kearney, A. Leahy, and D. J. Fitzgerald Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2-Dependent Prostacyclin Formation in Patients With Atherosclerosis Circulation, August 22, 2000; 102(8): 840 - 845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Pratico, Y. Cheng, and G. A. FitzGerald TP or Not TP: Primary Mediators in a Close Runoff? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2000; 20(7): 1695 - 1698. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Phipps Atherosclerosis: The emerging role of inflammation and the CD40-CD40 ligand system PNAS, June 20, 2000; 97(13): 6930 - 6932. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Smyth, S. C. Austin, M. P. Reilly, and G. A. FitzGerald Internalization and Sequestration of the Human Prostacyclin Receptor J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2000; 275(41): 32037 - 32045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Pratico, C. Tillmann, Z.-B. Zhang, H. Li, and G. A. FitzGerald Acceleration of atherogenesis by COX-1-dependent prostanoid formation in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice PNAS, March 13, 2001; 98(6): 3358 - 3363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
