help button home button Am J Pathol R & D Systems
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hashizume, H.
Right arrow Articles by McDonald, D. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hashizume, H.
Right arrow Articles by McDonald, D. M.
(American Journal of Pathology. 2000;156:1363-1380.)
© 2000 American Society for Investigative Pathology

Regular Articles

Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness

Hiroya Hashizume*, Peter Baluk*, Shunichi Morikawa*, John W. McLean*, Gavin Thurston*, Sylvie Roberge{dagger}, Rakesh K. Jain{dagger} and Donald M. McDonald*

From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy,*
University of California, San Francisco, California; and the Edwin L. Steele Laboratory,{dagger}
Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Leakiness of blood vessels in tumors may contribute to disease progression and is key to certain forms of cancer therapy, but the structural basis of the leakiness is unclear. We sought to determine whether endothelial gaps or transcellular holes, similar to those found in leaky vessels in inflammation, could explain the leakiness of tumor vessels. Blood vessels in MCa-IV mouse mammary carcinomas, which are known to be unusually leaky (functional pore size 1.2–2 µm), were compared to vessels in three less leaky tumors and normal mammary glands. Vessels were identified by their binding of intravascularly injected fluorescent cationic liposomes and Lycopersicon esculentum lectin and by CD31 (PECAM) immunoreactivity. The luminal surface of vessels in all four tumors had a defective endothelial monolayer as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. In MCa-IV tumors, 14% of the vessel surface was lined by poorly connected, overlapping cells. The most superficial lining cells, like endothelial cells, had CD31 immunoreactivity and fenestrae with diaphragms, but they had a branched phenotype with cytoplasmic projections as long as 50 µm. Some branched cells were separated by intercellular openings (mean diameter 1.7 µm; range, 0.3–4.7 µm). Transcellular holes (mean diameter 0.6 µm) were also present but were only 8% as numerous as intercellular openings. Some CD31-positive cells protruded into the vessel lumen; others sprouted into perivascular tumor tissue. Tumors in RIP-Tag2 mice had, in addition, tumor cell-lined lakes of extravasated erythrocytes. We conclude that some tumor vessels have a defective cellular lining composed of disorganized, loosely connected, branched, overlapping or sprouting endothelial cells. Openings between these cells contribute to tumor vessel leakiness and may permit access of macromolecular therapeutic agents to tumor cells.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Genes Dev.Home page
J. Andrae, R. Gallini, and C. Betsholtz
Role of platelet-derived growth factors in physiology and medicine
Genes & Dev., May 15, 2008; 22(10): 1276 - 1312.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
H.-J. Raatschen, G. H. Simon, Y. Fu, B. Sennino, D. M. Shames, M. F. Wendland, D. M. McDonald, and R. C. Brasch
Vascular Permeability during Antiangiogenesis Treatment: MR Imaging Assay Results as Biomarker for Subsequent Tumor Growth in Rats
Radiology, May 1, 2008; 247(2): 391 - 399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
M. Epardaud, K. G. Elpek, M. P. Rubinstein, A.-r. Yonekura, A. Bellemare-Pelletier, R. Bronson, J. A. Hamerman, A. W. Goldrath, and S. J. Turley
Interleukin-15/Interleukin-15R{alpha} Complexes Promote Destruction of Established Tumors by Reviving Tumor-Resident CD8+ T Cells
Cancer Res., April 15, 2008; 68(8): 2972 - 2983.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Neuroradiol.Home page
R. Jain, S.K. Ellika, L. Scarpace, L.R. Schultz, J.P. Rock, J. Gutierrez, S.C. Patel, J. Ewing, and T. Mikkelsen
Quantitative Estimation of Permeability Surface-Area Product in Astroglial Brain Tumors Using Perfusion CT and Correlation with Histopathologic Grade
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2008; 29(4): 694 - 700.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
A. Lo, C.-T. Lin, and H.-C. Wu
Hepatocellular carcinoma cell-specific peptide ligand for targeted drug delivery
Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2008; 7(3): 579 - 589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
J. DeWever, F. Frerart, C. Bouzin, C. Baudelet, R. Ansiaux, P. Sonveaux, B. Gallez, C. Dessy, and O. Feron
Caveolin-1 Is Critical for the Maturation of Tumor Blood Vessels through the Regulation of Both Endothelial Tube Formation and Mural Cell Recruitment
Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2007; 171(5): 1619 - 1628.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
O. Tredan, C. M. Galmarini, K. Patel, and I. F. Tannock
Drug Resistance and the Solid Tumor Microenvironment
J Natl Cancer Inst, October 3, 2007; 99(19): 1441 - 1454.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
A. L.B. Seynhaeve, S. Hoving, D. Schipper, C. E. Vermeulen, G. aan de Wiel-Ambagtsheer, S. T. van Tiel, A. M.M. Eggermont, and T. L.M. ten Hagen
Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} Mediates Homogeneous Distribution of Liposomes in Murine Melanoma that Contributes to a Better Tumor Response
Cancer Res., October 1, 2007; 67(19): 9455 - 9462.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
M. Iwai, G. Cao, W. Yin, R. A. Stetler, J. Liu, and J. Chen
Erythropoietin Promotes Neuronal Replacement Through Revascularization and Neurogenesis After Neonatal Hypoxia/Ischemia in Rats
Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2795 - 2803.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. Oldberg, S. Kalamajski, A. V. Salnikov, L. Stuhr, M. Morgelin, R. K. Reed, N.-E. Heldin, and K. Rubin
Collagen-binding proteoglycan fibromodulin can determine stroma matrix structure and fluid balance in experimental carcinoma
PNAS, August 28, 2007; 104(35): 13966 - 13971.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
M. R. Dreher and A. Chilkoti
Toward a Systems Engineering Approach to Cancer Drug Delivery
J Natl Cancer Inst, July 4, 2007; 99(13): 983 - 985.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
F. D. Kolodgie, J. Narula, C. Yuan, A. P. Burke, A. V. Finn, and R. Virmani
Elimination of Neoangiogenesis for Plaque Stabilization: Is There a Role for Local Drug Therapy?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2093 - 2101.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
K. Ogawa, Y. Boucher, S. Kashiwagi, D. Fukumura, D. Chen, and L. E. Gerweck
Influence of Tumor Cell and Stroma Sensitivity on Tumor Response to Radiation
Cancer Res., May 1, 2007; 67(9): 4016 - 4021.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
M. R. Dreher, W. Liu, C. R. Michelich, M. W. Dewhirst, and A. Chilkoti
Thermal Cycling Enhances the Accumulation of a Temperature-Sensitive Biopolymer in Solid Tumors
Cancer Res., May 1, 2007; 67(9): 4418 - 4424.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
G. P. Robertson
Mig-7 Linked to Vasculogenic Mimicry
Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2007; 170(5): 1454 - 1456.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
A. P. Petty, K. L. Garman, V. D. Winn, C. M. Spidel, and J. S. Lindsey
Overexpression of Carcinoma and Embryonic Cytotrophoblast Cell-Specific Mig-7 Induces Invasion and Vessel-Like Structure Formation
Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2007; 170(5): 1763 - 1780.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
L. S. Fournier, V. Novikov, V. Lucidi, Y. Fu, T. Miller, E. Floyd, D. M. Shames, and R. C. Brasch
MR Monitoring of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition of Angiogenesis in a Human Breast Cancer Model in Rats
Radiology, April 1, 2007; 243(1): 105 - 111.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. Chung, A. R. Karpf, J. R. Muindi, J. M. Conroy, N. J. Nowak, C. S. Johnson, and D. L. Trump
Epigenetic Silencing of CYP24 in Tumor-derived Endothelial Cells Contributes to Selective Growth Inhibition by Calcitriol
J. Biol. Chem., March 23, 2007; 282(12): 8704 - 8714.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
R. K. Jain, R. T. Tong, and L. L. Munn
Effect of Vascular Normalization by Antiangiogenic Therapy on Interstitial Hypertension, Peritumor Edema, and Lymphatic Metastasis: Insights from a Mathematical Model
Cancer Res., March 15, 2007; 67(6): 2729 - 2735.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
M. I. Lin, J. Yu, T. Murata, and W. C. Sessa
Caveolin-1-Deficient Mice Have Increased Tumor Microvascular Permeability, Angiogenesis, and Growth
Cancer Res., March 15, 2007; 67(6): 2849 - 2856.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
D. Liao, C. Corle, T. N. Seagroves, and R. S. Johnson
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Is a Key Regulator of Metastasis in a Transgenic Model of Cancer Initiation and Progression
Cancer Res., January 15, 2007; 67(2): 563 - 572.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
Y. Takahashi, Y. Akishima-Fukasawa, N. Kobayashi, T. Sano, T. Kosuge, Y. Nimura, Y. Kanai, and N. Hiraoka
Prognostic Value of Tumor Architecture, Tumor-Associated Vascular Characteristics, and Expression of Angiogenic Molecules in Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2007; 13(1): 187 - 196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
J. J. Ohab, S. Fleming, A. Blesch, and S. T. Carmichael
A Neurovascular Niche for Neurogenesis after Stroke
J. Neurosci., December 13, 2006; 26(50): 13007 - 13016.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
J. H. Chidlow Jr., W. Langston, J. J.M. Greer, D. Ostanin, M. Abdelbaqi, J. Houghton, A. Senthilkumar, D. Shukla, A. P. Mazar, M. B. Grisham, et al.
Differential Angiogenic Regulation of Experimental Colitis
Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2006; 169(6): 2014 - 2030.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
I. Cheong, X. Huang, C. Bettegowda, L. A. Diaz Jr., K. W. Kinzler, S. Zhou, and B. Vogelstein
A bacterial protein enhances the release and efficacy of liposomal cancer drugs.
Science, November 24, 2006; 314(5803): 1308 - 1311.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
C. C. Lee, E. R. Gillies, M. E. Fox, S. J. Guillaudeu, J. M. J. Frechet, E. E. Dy, and F. C. Szoka
A single dose of doxorubicin-functionalized bow-tie dendrimer cures mice bearing C-26 colon carcinomas
PNAS, November 7, 2006; 103(45): 16649 - 16654.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
L. Hu, N. Ferrara, and R. B. Jaffe
Paracrine VEGF/VE-Cadherin Action on Ovarian Cancer Permeability.
Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2006; 231(10): 1646 - 1652.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
K. Hasegawa, T. Nakamura, M. Harvey, Y. Ikeda, A. Oberg, M. Figini, S. Canevari, L. C. Hartmann, and K.-W. Peng
The Use of a Tropism-Modified Measles Virus in Folate Receptor-Targeted Virotherapy of Ovarian Cancer.
Clin. Cancer Res., October 15, 2006; 12(20): 6170 - 6178.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
I. Chung, M. K. Wong, G. Flynn, W.-d. Yu, C. S. Johnson, and D. L. Trump
Differential Antiproliferative Effects of Calcitriol on Tumor-Derived and Matrigel-Derived Endothelial Cells.
Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 66(17): 8565 - 8573.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
B. Webster, E. H. Ekland, L. M. Agle, S. Chyou, R. Ruggieri, and T. T. Lu
Regulation of lymph node vascular growth by dendritic cells
J. Exp. Med., August 7, 2006; 203(8): 1903 - 1913.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
J. J. Lammerts van Bueren, W. K. Bleeker, H. O. Bogh, M. Houtkamp, J. Schuurman, J. G.J. van de Winkel, and P. W.H.I. Parren
Effect of Target Dynamics on Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Therapeutic Antibody against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: Implications for the Mechanisms of Action.
Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 66(15): 7630 - 7638.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Clin PharmacolHome page
A. Y. Bedikian, A. Vardeleon, T. Smith, S. Campbell, and R. Namdari
Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of vincristine sulfate liposomes injection in metastatic melanoma patients.
J. Clin. Pharmacol., July 1, 2006; 46(7): 727 - 737.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
J. M. Provenzale, S. Mukundan, and D. P. Barboriak
Diffusion-weighted and Perfusion MR Imaging for Brain Tumor Characterization and Assessment of Treatment Response.
Radiology, June 1, 2006; 239(3): 632 - 649.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. Radiol.Home page
G S Stamatakos, V P Antipas, N K Uzunoglu, and R G Dale
A four-dimensional computer simulation model of the in vivo response to radiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme: studies on the effect of clonogenic cell density
Br. J. Radiol., May 1, 2006; 79(941): 389 - 400.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 The OncologistHome page
R. van Horssen, T. L. M. ten Hagen, and A. M. M. Eggermont
TNF-{alpha} in Cancer Treatment: Molecular Insights, Antitumor Effects, and Clinical Utility.
Oncologist, April 1, 2006; 11(4): 397 - 408.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
I. M. Stefansson, H. B. Salvesen, and L. A. Akslen
Vascular proliferation is important for clinical progress of endometrial cancer.
Cancer Res., March 15, 2006; 66(6): 3303 - 3309.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
M. R. Dreher, W. Liu, C. R. Michelich, M. W. Dewhirst, F. Yuan, and A. Chilkoti
Tumor vascular permeability, accumulation, and penetration of macromolecular drug carriers.
J Natl Cancer Inst, March 1, 2006; 98(5): 335 - 344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
T. Nakahara, S. M. Norberg, D. R. Shalinsky, D. D. Hu-Lowe, and D. M. McDonald
Effect of Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling on Distribution of Extravasated Antibodies in Tumors
Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 66(3): 1434 - 1445.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Toxicol SciHome page
L. A. Diaz Jr., I. Cheong, C. A. Foss, X. Zhang, B. A. Peters, N. Agrawal, C. Bettegowda, B. Karim, G. Liu, K. Khan, et al.
Pharmacologic and Toxicologic Evaluation of C. novyi-NT Spores
Toxicol. Sci., December 1, 2005; 88(2): 562 - 575.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
H. Akiyama, K. A. Mohamedali, R. L. e Silva, S. Kachi, J. Shen, C. Hatara, N. Umeda, S. F. Hackett, S. Aslam, M. Krause, et al.
Vascular Targeting of Ocular Neovascularization with a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor121/Gelonin Chimeric Protein
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2005; 68(6): 1543 - 1550.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
V. Cristini, H. B. Frieboes, R. Gatenby, S. Caserta, M. Ferrari, and J. Sinek
Morphologic Instability and Cancer Invasion
Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2005; 11(19): 6772 - 6779.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
W.-Y. Yue and Z.-P. Chen
Does Vasculogenic Mimicry Exist in Astrocytoma?
J. Histochem. Cytochem., August 1, 2005; 53(8): 997 - 1002.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. M. Muller, G. Terszowski, C. Blum, C. Haller, V. Anquez, S. Kuschert, P. Carmeliet, H. G. Augustin, and H.-R. Rodewald
Gene targeting of VEGF-A in thymus epithelium disrupts thymus blood vessel architecture
PNAS, July 26, 2005; 102(30): 10587 - 10592.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
E. di Tomaso, D. Capen, A. Haskell, J. Hart, J. J. Logie, R. K. Jain, D. M. McDonald, R. Jones, and L. L. Munn
Mosaic Tumor Vessels: Cellular Basis and Ultrastructure of Focal Regions Lacking Endothelial Cell Markers
Cancer Res., July 1, 2005; 65(13): 5740 - 5749.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
P. Parsons-Wingerter, I. M. Kasman, S. Norberg, A. Magnussen, S. Zanivan, A. Rissone, P. Baluk, C. J. Favre, U. Jeffry, R. Murray, et al.
Uniform Overexpression and Rapid Accessibility of {alpha}5{beta}1 Integrin on Blood Vessels in Tumors
Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2005; 167(1): 193 - 211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Ultrasound MedHome page
J. S. Abramowicz
Ultrasonographic Contrast Media: Has the Time Come in Obstetrics and Gynecology?
J. Ultrasound Med., April 1, 2005; 24(4): 517 - 531.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
A. Magnussen, I. M. Kasman, S. Norberg, P. Baluk, R. Murray, and D. M. McDonald
Rapid Access of Antibodies to {alpha}5{beta}1 Integrin Overexpressed on the Luminal Surface of Tumor Blood Vessels
Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 65(7): 2712 - 2721.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
L. S. Ziemer, W. M. F. Lee, S. A. Vinogradov, C. Sehgal, and D. F. Wilson
Oxygen distribution in murine tumors: characterization using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1503 - 1510.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
V. J. Yao, M. G. Ozawa, M. Trepel, W. Arap, D. M. McDonald, and R. Pasqualini
Targeting Pancreatic Islets with Phage Display Assisted by Laser Pressure Catapult Microdissection
Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2005; 166(2): 625 - 636.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
G KRIKUN, F SCHATZ, and C J LOCKWOOD
Endometrial Angiogenesis: From Physiology to Pathology
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., December 1, 2004; 1034(1): 27 - 35.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
H. Kobayashi, K. Reijnders, S. English, A. T. Yordanov, D. E. Milenic, A. L. Sowers, D. Citrin, M. C. Krishna, T. A. Waldmann, J. B. Mitchell, et al.
Application of a Macromolecular Contrast Agent for Detection of Alterations of Tumor Vessel Permeability Induced by Radiation
Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 10(22): 7712 - 7720.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
T.-Y. Lee, H.-C. Wu, Y.-L. Tseng, and C.-T. Lin
A Novel Peptide Specifically Binding to Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma For Targeted Drug Delivery
Cancer Res., November 1, 2004; 64(21): 8002 - 8008.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
Q. Chen, S. Tong, M. W. Dewhirst, and F. Yuan
Targeting tumor microvessels using doxorubicin encapsulated in a novel thermosensitive liposome
Mol. Cancer Ther., October 1, 2004; 3(10): 1311 - 1317.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
T. Inai, M. Mancuso, H. Hashizume, F. Baffert, A. Haskell, P. Baluk, D. D. Hu-Lowe, D. R. Shalinsky, G. Thurston, G. D. Yancopoulos, et al.
Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Signaling in Cancer Causes Loss of Endothelial Fenestrations, Regression of Tumor Vessels, and Appearance of Basement Membrane Ghosts
Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2004; 165(1): 35 - 52.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
S. Swenson, F. Costa, R. Minea, R. P. Sherwin, W. Ernst, G. Fujii, D. Yang, and F. S. Markland Jr.
Intravenous liposomal delivery of the snake venom disintegrin contortrostatin limits breast cancer progression
Mol. Cancer Ther., April 1, 2004; 3(4): 499 - 511.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
N. J. Davie, J. T. Crossno Jr., M. G. Frid, S. E. Hofmeister, J. T. Reeves, D. M. Hyde, T. C. Carpenter, J. A. Brunetti, I. K. McNiece, and K. R. Stenmark
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery adventitial remodeling and neovascularization: contribution of progenitor cells
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): L668 - L678.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
T. M. Allen and P. R. Cullis
Drug Delivery Systems: Entering the Mainstream
Science, March 19, 2004; 303(5665): 1818 - 1822.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
H. Wang, M. Li, J. J. Rinehart, and R. Zhang
Pretreatment with Dexamethasone Increases Antitumor Activity of Carboplatin and Gemcitabine in Mice Bearing Human Cancer Xenografts: In Vivo Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Implications for Cancer Chemotherapy
Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 10(5): 1633 - 1644.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
A. Ruddell, P. Mezquita, K. A. Brandvold, A. Farr, and B. M. Iritani
B Lymphocyte-Specific c-Myc Expression Stimulates Early and Functional Expansion of the Vasculature and Lymphatics during Lymphomagenesis
Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2003; 163(6): 2233 - 2245.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
S A Hoption Cann, J P van Netten, and C van Netten
Dr William Coley and tumour regression: a place in history or in the future
Postgrad. Med. J., December 1, 2003; 79(938): 672 - 680.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
P. Baluk, S. Morikawa, A. Haskell, M. Mancuso, and D. M. McDonald
Abnormalities of Basement Membrane on Blood Vessels and Endothelial Sprouts in Tumors
Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2003; 163(5): 1801 - 1815.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]