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From the Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical
School,*
Boston; and the New England Regional Primate
Research Center and Harvard Medical
School,
Southborough, Massachusetts
The rectal mucosa, a region involved in human
immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection
and transmission, contains immune inductive sites,
rectal lymphoid nodules (RLN), and effector sites, the
lamina propria (LP). This study was designed to evaluate cell
populations involved in rectal mucosal immune function in both RLN and
LP, by immunocytochemical analysis of rectal mucosa from 11
SIV-infected (2 to 21 months postinfection) and five naive rhesus
macaques. In the rectum, as previously observed in other
intestinal regions, CD4+ cells were dramatically
reduced in the LP of SIV-infected macaques, but high numbers of
CD4+ cells remained in RLN indicating maintenance of T cell
help in inductive sites. Cells expressing the mucosal homing receptor
4ß7 were dramatically decreased in the RLN and LP of most
SIV-infected macaques. The RLN of both naive and SIV-infected macaques
contained high numbers of CD68 + MHC-II+ macrophages and cells
expressing the co-stimulatory molecules B7-2 and CD40, as well
as IgM + MHCII+ and IgM + CD40+ B cells, indicating maintenance
of antigen presentation capacity. The LP of all three macaques
SIV-infected for 2 months contained many B7-2+ cells,
suggesting increased activation of antigen-presenting cells. LP of
SIV-infected rectal mucosa contained increased numbers of IgM+
cells, confirming previous observations in small intestine and
colon. The data suggest that antigen-presentation capacity is
maintained in inductive sites of SIV-infected rectal mucosa,
but immune effector functions may be altered.
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