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From the Academic Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology,*
University College London, London; and the
Department of Anatomy,
University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
The aim was to measure changes in the oxygen tension within the human placenta associated with onset of the maternal arterial circulation at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy, and the impact on placental tissues. Using a multiparameter probe we established that the oxygen tension rises steeply from <20 mmHg at 8 weeks of gestation to >50 mmHg at 12 weeks. This rise coincides with morphological changes in the uterine arteries that allow free flow of maternal blood into the placenta, and is associated with increases in the mRNA concentrations and activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and manganese and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase within placental tissues. Between 8 to 9 weeks there is a sharp peak of expression of the inducible form of heat shock protein 70, formation of nitrotyrosine residues, and derangement of the mitochondrial cristae within the syncytiotrophoblast. We conclude that a burst of oxidative stress occurs in the normal placenta as the maternal circulation is established. We speculate that this may serve a physiological role in stimulating normal placental differentiation, but may also be a factor in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and early pregnancy failure if antioxidant defenses are depleted.
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J. Johns, J. Hyett, and E. Jauniaux Obstetric Outcome After Threatened Miscarriage With and Without a Hematoma on Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., September 1, 2003; 102(3): 483 - 487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Jauniaux, J. Hempstock, N. Greenwold, and G. J. Burton Trophoblastic Oxidative Stress in Relation to Temporal and Regional Differences in Maternal Placental Blood Flow in Normal and Abnormal Early Pregnancies Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2003; 162(1): 115 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Alfaidy, S. Gupta, C. DeMarco, I. Caniggia, and J. R. G. Challis Oxygen Regulation of Placental 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2: Physiological and Pathological Implications J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4797 - 4805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Burton, A. L. Watson, J. Hempstock, J. N. Skepper, and E. Jauniaux Uterine Glands Provide Histiotrophic Nutrition for the Human Fetus during the First Trimester of Pregnancy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2954 - 2959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Red-Horse, P. M. Drake, M. D. Gunn, and S. J. Fisher Chemokine Ligand and Receptor Expression in the Pregnant Uterus : Reciprocal Patterns in Complementary Cell Subsets Suggest Functional Roles Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2001; 159(6): 2199 - 2213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Baumgart, I. Vanhorebeek, M. Grabenbauer, M. Borgers, P. E. Declercq, H. D. Fahimi, and M. Baes Mitochondrial Alterations Caused by Defective Peroxisomal Biogenesis in a Mouse Model for Zellweger Syndrome (PEX5 Knockout Mouse) Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2001; 159(4): 1477 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T.-H. Hung, J. N. Skepper, and G. J. Burton In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Term Human Placenta as a Model for Oxidative Stress in Pathological Pregnancies Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2001; 159(3): 1031 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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