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From the Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Myofibroblast activation is a key event playing a critical
role in the progression of chronic renal disease. Emerging evidence
suggests that myofibroblasts can derive from tubular epithelial cells
by an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, the
details regarding the conversion between these two cell types are
poorly understood. Here we dissect the key events during the process of
EMT induced by transforming growth factor-ß1. Incubation of human
tubular epithelial cells with transforming growth factor-ß1 induced
de novo expression of 
-smooth muscle actin,
loss of epithelial marker E-cadherin, transformation of
myofibroblastic morphology, and production of interstitial
matrix. Time-course studies revealed that loss of E-cadherin was an
early event that preceded other alterations during EMT. The transformed
cells secreted a large amount of matrix metalloproteinase-2 that
specifically degraded tubular basement membrane. They also exhibited an
enhanced motility and invasive capacity. These alterations in
epithelial phenotypes in vitro were essentially
recapitulated in a mouse model of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral
ureteral obstruction. Hence, these results indicate that
tubular epithelial to myofibroblast transition is an
orchestrated, highly regulated process involving four key steps
including: 1) loss of epithelial cell adhesion, 2) de
novo -smooth muscle actin expression and actin
reorganization, 3) disruption of tubular basement
membrane, and 4) enhanced cell migration and
invasion.
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