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(American Journal of Pathology. 2004;164:1361-1368.)
© 2004 American Society for Investigative Pathology

Interferon--Induced Nitric Oxide Causes Intrinsic Intestinal Denervation in Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Mice

Rosa M.E. Arantes^*, Homero H.F. Marche, Maria T. Bahia, Fernando Q. Cunha, Marcos A. Rossi^|| and João S. Silva

From the Department of Pathology,^* Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte; the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacology, and Pathology,|| Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto; and the Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil

In this study, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in neuronal destruction during acute-phase Trypanosoma cruzi infection was evaluated in male C57BL/6 (WT, wild-type) mice and knockout mice [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)^-/- and interferon (IFN)^-/-]. Selected animals were infected by intraperitoneal injection of 100 trypomastigote forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi. Others were injected intraperitoneally with an equal volume of saline solution and served as controls. Our findings support those of previous studies regarding myenteric denervation in acute-phase T. cruzi infection. In addition, we clearly demonstrate that, despite the fact that parasite nests and similar inflammatory infiltrate in the intestinal wall were more pronounced in infected iNOS^-/- mice than in infected WT mice, the former presented no reduction in myenteric plexus neuron numbers. Neuronal nerve profile expression, as revealed by the general nerve marker PGP 9.5, was preserved in all knockout animals. Infected IFN^-/- mice suffered no significant neuronal loss and there was no inflammatory infiltrate in the intestinal wall. On days 5 and 10 after infection, iNOS activity was greater in infected WT mice than in controls, whereas iNOS activity in infected knockout mice remained unchanged. These findings clearly demonstrate that neuronal damage does not occur in NO-impaired infected knockout mice, regardless of whether inflammatory infiltrate is present (iNOS^-/-) or absent (IFN^-/-). In conclusion, our observations strongly indicate that myenteric denervation in acute-phase T. cruzi infection is because of IFN--elicited NO production resulting from iNOS activation in the inflammatory foci along the intestinal wall.