This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Krikun, G. Articles by Lockwood, C. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Krikun, G. Articles by Lockwood, C. J.

(American Journal of Pathology. 2004;164:2101-2107.)
© 2004 American Society for Investigative Pathology

Endometrial Angiopoietin Expression and Modulation by Thrombin and Steroid Hormones

A Mechanism for Abnormal Angiogenesis Following Long-Term Progestin-Only Contraception

Graciela Krikun^*, Denny Sakkas^*, Frederick Schatz^*, Lynn Buchwalder^*, Donna Hylton, Caroline Tang^* and Charles J. Lockwood^*

From the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences,^* Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York

The angiopoietins (Ang) are endothelial cell-related factors necessary for the development and maintenance of all vessels. Altering the expression of these proteins would be expected to result in aberrant angiogenesis. Indeed the fragile endometrial vasculature and bleeding observed in women treated with long-term progestin-only contraceptives has been associated with changes in the expression of Ang-1 and Ang-2. Since bleeding would result in thrombin formation, we have assessed the effects of thrombin on the expression of the Angs in human endometrial cells. This study shows that thrombin significantly reduces the expression of Ang-1 protein and mRNA expression in human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and minimally decreases the production of Ang-2 protein in human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs). Hence the presence of thrombin due to aberrant bleeding could affect the angiogenic potential of the endometrium, creating a feed forward loop resulting in more thrombin, weak vasculature, and more bleeding. In addition, since the exact localization of Ang in the human endometrium remains a subject of controversy, we have addressed this issue in an in vivo system by analyzing the expression of Angs by microdissection of HESCs, HEECs, and human endometrial glandular epithelial cells followed by real time, quantitative RT-PCR.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. C. M. Simoes, T. Vassilakopoulos, D. Toumpanakis, K. Petrochilou, C. Roussos, and A. Papapetropoulos Angiopoietin-1 Protects against Airway Inflammation and Hyperreactivity in Asthma Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 15, 2008; 177(12): 1314 - 1321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-L. Lee, Y. Liu, P.-Y. Ng, K.-F. Lee, C.-L. Au, E. H.-Y. Ng, P.-C. Ho, and W. S.-B. Yeung Aberrant expression of angiopoietins-1 and -2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A in peri-implantation endometrium after gonadotrophin stimulation Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2008; 23(4): 894 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Pritts, I. P. Ryan, M. D. Mueller, D. I. Lebovic, J. L. Shifren, C. J. Zaloudek, A. P. Korn, P. D. Darney, and R. N. Taylor Angiogenic Effects of Norplant Contraception on Endometrial Histology and Uterine Bleeding J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2005; 90(4): 2142 - 2147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Krikun, F. Schatz, R. Taylor, H. O. D. Critchley, P. A. W. Rogers, J. Huang, and C. J. Lockwood Endometrial Endothelial Cell Steroid Receptor Expression and Steroid Effects on Gene Expression J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1812 - 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]