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(American Journal of Pathology. 2004;165:719-728.)
© 2004 American Society for Investigative Pathology

Glutathione Depletion Impairs Myogenic Differentiation of Murine Skeletal Muscle C2C12 Cells through Sustained NF-{kappa}B Activation

Esther Ardite*, Joan Albert Barbera*, Josep Roca* and Jose C. Fernández-Checa{dagger}{ddagger}

From the Servei de Pneumologia,* Instituto Clinic de Pneumologia y Cirugía Torácica, Barcelona; Liver Unit,{dagger} Instituto Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona; and Department of Experimental Pathology,{ddagger} Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain

Skeletal muscle differentation is a complex process regulated at multiple levels. This study addressed the effect of glutathione (GSH) depletion on the transition of murine skeletal muscle C2C12 myoblasts into myocytes induced by growth factor inactivation. Cellular GSH levels increased within 24 hours on myogenic stimulation of myoblasts due to enhanced GSH synthetic rate accounted for by stimulated glutamate-L-cysteine ligase (also known as {gamma}-glutamylcysteine synthetase) activity. In contrast, the synthesis rate of GSH using {gamma}-glutamylcysteine and glutamate as precursors, which reflects the activity of the GSH synthetase, did not change during differentiation. The stimulation of GSH stores preceded the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts monitored by expression of muscle-specific genes, creatine kinase (CK), myosin heavy chain (MyHC), and MyoD. The pattern of DNA binding activity of NF-{kappa}B and AP-1 in differentiating cells was similar both displaying an activation peak at 24 hours after myogenic stimulation. Depletion of cellular GSH levels 24 hours after stimulation of differentiation abrogated myogenesis as reflected by lower CK activity, MyHC levels, MyoD expression, and myotubes formation, effects that were reversible on GSH replenishment by GSH ethyl ester (GHSEE). Moreover, GSH depletion led to sustained activation of NF-{kappa}B, while GSHEE prevented it. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-{kappa}B activation restored myogenesis despite GSH depletion. Thus, GSH contributes to the formation of myotubes from satellite myoblasts by ensuring inactivation of NF-{kappa}B, and hence maintaining optimal GSH levels may be beneficial in restoring muscle mass in chronic inflammatory disorders.




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