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(American Journal of Pathology. 2005;166:773-781.)
© 2005 American Society for Investigative Pathology

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Inhibits Nuclear Factor B Activation and Germ Cell Apoptosis in the Human Testis Independently of Its Receptors

Laura Suomalainen^*, Virve Pentikäinen^* and Leo Dunkel

From the Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, and Hospital for Children and Adolescents,^* University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Early apoptosis-inducing events are potentially important targets for preventing germ cell loss caused by external stress. The sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important regulator of stress-induced apoptosis. It affects the cell as an intracellular signaling molecule or as a ligand to its cell membrane-bound S1P_1–5 receptors. We previously demonstrated that S1P inhibits stress-induced male germ cell death in vitro and in vivo. Here, we further define the mechanisms of S1P-mediated inhibition of male germ cell death. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected expression of the S1P₁ and S1P₂ receptors in the somatic Sertoli cells of the human testis. In a culture of human seminiferous tubules, S1P inhibited germ cell apoptosis, suppressed both nuclear factor B (NF-B) DNA-binding activity and expression of phosphorylated Akt, but did not affect activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA-binding activity. Dihydro-S1P, which binds to and activates S1P receptors but has no direct intracellular effect, suppressed neither apoptosis nor NF-B activity. These results suggest that S1P inhibits male germ cell apoptosis independently of its receptors, possibly by inhibiting the transcription factor NF-B and Akt phosphorylation.

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