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2 Correlates with the Invasiveness of Human Glioma
From the Departments of Pathology* and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and the Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan
Diffuse infiltration of malignant human glioma cells into surrounding brain structures occurs through the activation of multigenic programs. We recently showed that angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) induces glioma invasion through the activation of matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2). Here, we report that up-regulation of Ang2, MMP-2, membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP), and laminin 5 
2 (LN 5 2) in tumor cells correlates with glioma invasion. Analyses of 57 clinical human glioma biopsies of World Health Organization grade I to IV tumors displaying a distinct invasive edge and 39 glioma specimens that only contain the central region of the tumor showed that Ang2, MMP-2, MT1-MMP, and LN 5 2 were co-overexpressed in invasive areas but not in the central regions of the glioma tissues. Statistical analyses revealed a significant link between the preferential expression of these molecules and invasiveness. Protein analyses of microdissected primary glioma tissue showed up-regulation and activation of MT1-MMP and LN 5 2 at the invasive edge of the tumors, supporting this observation. Concordantly, in human U87MG glioma xenografts engineered to express Ang2, increased expression of MT1-MMP and LN 5 2, along with MMP-2 up-regulation, in actively invading glioma cells was also evident. In cell culture, stimulation of glioma cells by overexpressing Ang2 or exposure to exogenous Ang2 promoted the expression and activation of MMP-2, MT1-MMP, and LN 5 2. These results suggest that up-regulation of Ang2, MMP-2, MT1-MMP, and LN 5 2 is associated with the invasiveness displayed by human gliomas and that induction of these molecules by Ang2 may be essential for glioma invasion.
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