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(American Journal of Pathology. 2006;169:682-696.)
© 2006 American Society for Investigative Pathology
DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051047

Androgen Receptor Remains Critical for Cell-Cycle Progression in Androgen-Independent CWR22 Prostate Cancer Cells

Xin Yuan^*, Tong Li^*, Hongyun Wang^*, Tao Zhang^*, Moumita Barua^*, Robert A. Borgesi^*, Glenn J. Bubley^*, Michael L. Lu and Steven P. Balk^*

From the Cancer Biology Program,^* Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Urology Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

The majority of prostate cancers (PCa) that relapse after androgen deprivation therapy (androgen-independent PCa) continue to express androgen receptor (AR). To study the functional importance of AR in these tumors, we derived androgen-independent CWR22 PCa xenografts in castrated mice and generated a cell line from one of these xenografts (CWR22R3). Similarly to androgen-independent PCa in patients, the relapsed xenografts and cell line expressed AR and were resistant to treatment with bicalutamide. However, expression of the AR-regulated PSA gene in the CWR22R3 cell line was markedly decreased compared to the relapsed xenografts in vivo. Transfections with androgen-regulated reporter genes further indicated that the cells lacked androgen-independent AR transcriptional activity and were not hypersensitive to low androgen concentrations despite constitutive activation of the Erk/MAP kinases. Nonetheless, AR remained essential for androgen-independent growth because retroviral shRNA-mediated AR down-regulation resulted in marked long-term growth suppression. This was associated with increased levels of p27^kip1 and hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein but not with decreases in D-type cyclin levels or MAP kinase activation. These results reveal a potentially critical function of AR in androgen-independent PCa that is distinct from its previously described transcriptional or nontranscriptional functions.

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