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(American Journal of Pathology. 2006;169:2245-2253.)
© 2006 American Society for Investigative Pathology
DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050706

Induction of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Vascular Injury via Activation of Nuclear Factor-B

De-xiu Bu^*, Anne-Louise Hemdahl^*, Anders Gabrielsen^*, Jonas Fuxe, Chaoyong Zhu, Per Eriksson and Zhong-qun Yan^*

From the Center for Molecular Medicine^* and the Department of Medicine, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; and the Ludwig Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has recently emerged as an important modulator of cell homeostasis. Elevated plasma NGAL levels, possibly because of activation of blood leukocytes, are associated with atherosclerosis. However, little is known about induction of NGAL expression in blood vessels. Using a rat carotid artery injury model, we found that NGAL was highly induced in the intima after angioplasty but was attenuated by adenovirus-mediated expression of a dominant-negative mutant of inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-B kinase ß (dnIKKß). Expression of NGAL mRNA and protein was also up-regulated in an NF-B-dependent manner in rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to interleukin-1ß stimulation. Rat SMC-produced NGAL was present as mono- and homomeric forms in the cytosol and in a complex containing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after secretion. In agreement with levels of NGAL, proteolytic activity of MMP-9 was markedly high in the intima of injured vessels and in the culture supernatant of activated intimal SMCs but was reduced in the vessels transduced with dnIKKß. The present study reveals a previously unrecognized vascular response to an-gioplastic injury, characterized by NF-B-dependent expression of NGAL in vascular SMCs. Further-more, SMC-produced NGAL interacts with MMP-9, a mechanism by which NGAL may modulate MMP-9 proteolytic activity in the vascular repair process.

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