Published online before print March 5, 2008

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(American Journal of Pathology. 2008;172:1112-1126.)
© 2008 American Society for Investigative Pathology
DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070513

Heterogeneity of Human Macrophages in Culture and in Atherosclerotic Plaques

Stephen W. Waldo^*, Yifu Li^*, Chiara Buono^*, Bin Zhao^*, Eric M. Billings, Janet Chang^* and Howard S. Kruth^*

From the Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis^* and the Bioinformatics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and National Institutes of Health Medical Research Scholar Program, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland

Research suggests that monocytes differentiate into unique lineage-determined macrophage subpopulations in response to the local cytokine environment. The present study evaluated the atherogenic potential of two divergent lineage-determined human monocyte-derived macrophage subpopulations. Monocytes were differentiated for 7 days in the presence of alternative macrophage development cytokines: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to produce granulocyte-macrophage-CSF macrophages (GM-Mac), or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to produce M-Mac. Gene chip analyses of three monocyte donors demonstrated differential expression of inflammatory and cholesterol homeostasis genes in the macrophage subpopulations. Quantitative PCR confirmed a fivefold elevation in the expression of genes that promote reverse cholesterol transport (PPAR-, LXR-, and ABCG1) and macrophage emigration from lesions (CCR7) in GM-Mac compared to that in M-Mac. Immunocytochemistry confirmed enhanced expression of the proinflammatory marker CD14 in M-Mac relative to GM-Mac. M-Mac spontaneously accumulated cholesterol when incubated with unmodified low-density lipoprotein whereas GM-Mac only accumulated similar levels of cholesterol after protein kinase C activation. Immunostained human coronary arteries showed that macrophages with similar antigen expression to that of M-Mac (CD68⁺/CD14⁺) were predominant within atherosclerotic lesions whereas macrophages with antigen expression similar to GM-Mac (CD68⁺/CD14^–) were predominant in areas devoid of disease. The identification of macrophage subpopulations with different gene expression patterns and, thus, different potentials for promoting atherosclerosis has important experimental and clinical implications and could prove to be a valuable finding in developing therapeutic interventions in diseases dependent on macrophage function.

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