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Originally published online as doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.080380 on November 6, 2008

Published online before print November 6, 2008
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(American Journal of Pathology. 2008;173:1839-1852.)
© 2008 American Society for Investigative Pathology
DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080380

Expression Profiling of Galectin-3-Depleted Melanoma Cells Reveals its Major Role in Melanoma Cell Plasticity and Vasculogenic Mimicry

Alexandra A. Mourad-Zeidan*, Vladislava O. Melnikova*, Hua Wang*, Avraham Raz{dagger} and Menashe Bar-Eli*

From the Department of Cancer Biology,* The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program,{dagger} Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding protein that is involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Using a progressive human melanoma tissue microarray, we previously demonstrated that melanocytes accumulate Gal-3 during the progression from benign to dysplastic nevi to melanoma and further to metastatic melanoma. Herein, we show that silencing of Gal-3 expression with small hairpin RNA results in a loss of tumorigenic and metastatic potential of melanoma cells. In vitro, Gal-3 silencing resulted in loss of tumor cell invasiveness and capacity to form tube-like structures on collagen ("vasculogenic mimicry"). cDNA microarray analysis after Gal-3 silencing revealed that Gal-3 regulates the expression of multiple genes, including endothelial cell markers that appear to be aberrantly expressed in highly aggressive melanoma cells, causing melanoma cell plasticity. These genes included vascular endothelial-cadherin, which plays a pivotal role in vasculogenic mimicry, as well as interleukin-8, fibronectin-1, endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein receptor-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and promoter analyses revealed that Gal-3 silencing resulted in a decrease of vascular endothelial-cadherin and interleukin-8 promoter activities due to enhanced recruitment of transcription factor early growth response-1. Moreover, transient overexpression of early growth response-1 in C8161-c9 cells resulted in a loss of vascular endothelial-cadherin and interleukin-8 promoter activities and protein expression. Thus, Gal-3 plays an essential role during the acquisition of vasculogenic mimicry and angiogenic properties associated with melanoma progression.






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