Published online before print July 23, 2009

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(American Journal of Pathology. 2009;175:489-499.)
© 2009 American Society for Investigative Pathology
DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080727

NF-B Regulates Androgen Receptor Expression and Prostate Cancer Growth

Liying Zhang^*, Saleh Altuwaijri, Fangming Deng, Lishi Chen^*, Priti Lal, Umeshkumar K. Bhanot^*, Ruslan Korets^¶, Sven Wenske^¶, Hans G. Lilja^¶, Chawnshang Chang^||, Howard I. Scher^** and William L. Gerald^*

From the Departments of Pathology,^* Urology and Clinical Laboratory,^¶ and Medicine,^** and the Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; the Clinical Research Center, Saad Specialist Hospital, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia; the Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research,|| the Department of Pathology, The Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

Prostate cancers that progress during androgen-deprivation therapy often overexpress the androgen receptor (AR) and depend on AR signaling for growth. In most cases, increased AR expression occurs without gene amplification and may be due to altered transcriptional regulation. The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-B, which is implicated in tumorigenesis, functions as an important downstream substrate of mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, AKT, and protein kinase C and plays a role in other cancer-associated signaling pathways. NF-B is an important determinant of prostate cancer clinical biology, and therefore we investigated its role in the regulation of AR expression. We found that NF-B expression in prostate cancer cells significantly increased AR mRNA and protein levels, AR transactivation activity, serum prostate-specific antigen levels, and cell proliferation. NF-B inhibitors decrease AR expression levels, prostate-specific antigen secretion, and proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, inhibitors of NF-B demonstrated anti-tumor activity in androgen deprivation-resistant prostate cancer xenografts. In addition, levels of both NF-B and AR were strongly correlated in human prostate cancer. Our data suggest that NF-B can regulate AR expression in prostate cancer and that NF-B inhibitors may have therapeutic potential.