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Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology
American Journal of Pathology, doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.061206

Accepted for publication August 1, 2007.

Article

Probing the Effects of Stress Mediators on the Human Hair Follicle. Substance P Holds Central Position

Eva M.J. Peters*, Sofia Liotiri{dagger}, Eniko Bodó{dagger}, Evelin Hagen{ddagger}, Tamás Bíró{sect}, Petra C. Arck{ddagger}, and Ralf Paus{dagger}@

From Charité Center 12,* Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Psycho-Neuro-Immunology, Neuroscience Research Center, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany; the Department of Dermatology,{dagger} University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; the Division of Psycho-Neuro-Immunology,{ddagger} Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and the Department of Physiology,{sect} Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

@ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ralf.paus{at}uk-sh.de.


  Abstract

Stress alters murine hair growth, depending on substance P-mediated neurogenic inflammation and nerve growth factor (NGF), a key modulator of hair growth termination (catagen induction). Whether this is of any relevance in human hair follicles (HFs) is completely unclear. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of substance P, the central cutaneous prototypic stress-associated neuropeptide, on normal, growing human scalp HFs in organ culture. We show that these prominently expressed substance P receptor (NK1) at the gene and protein level. Organ-cultured HFs responded to substance P by premature catagen development, down-regulation of NK1, and up-regulation of neutral endopeptidase (degrades substance P). This was accompanied by mast cell degranulation in the HF connective tissue sheath, indicating neurogenic inflammation. Substance P down-regulated immunoreactivity for the growth-promoting NGF receptor (TrkA), whereas it up-regulated NGF and its apoptosis- and catagen-promoting receptor (p75NTR). In addition, MHC class I and {beta}2-microglobulin immunoreactivity were up-regulated and detected ectopically, indicating collapse of the HF immune privilege. In conclusion, we present a simplistic, but instructive, organ culture assay to demonstrate sensitivity of the human HF to key skin stress mediators. The data obtained therewith allow one to sketch the first evidence-based biological explanation for how stress may trigger or aggravate telogen effluvium and alopecia areata.






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Copyright © 2007 by the American Society for Investigative Pathology.