Published online before print April 10, 2008

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Copyright © 2008 American Society for Investigative Pathology
American Journal of Pathology, doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070762

Accepted for publication February 6, 2008.

Article

Angiotensin II Up-Regulates Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE), but Down-Regulates ACE2 via the AT1-ERK/p38 MAP Kinase Pathway

Vijay Koka^*, Xiao Ru Huang^*, Arthur C.K. Chung, Wansheng Wang^*, Luan D. Truong, and Hui Yao Lan^*@

From the Department of Medicine-Nephrology,* Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; the Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong; and the Department of Pathology, Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas

^@ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hylan{at}kucc.hku.hk.

	Abstract

The recent discovery of the angiotensin II (Ang II)-breakdown enzyme, angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) 2, suggests the importance of Ang II degradation in hypertension. The present study explored the signaling mechanism by which ACE2 is regulated under hypertensive conditions. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry showed that ACE2 mRNA and protein expression levels were high, whereas ACE expression levels were moderate in both normal kidney and heart. In contrast, patients with hypertension showed marked ACE up-regulation and ACE2 down-regulation in both hypertensive cardiopathy and, particularly, hypertensive nephropathy. The inhibition of ACE2 expression was shown to be associated with ACE up-regulation and activation of extracellular regulated (ERK)1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. In vitro, Ang II was able to up-regulate ACE and down-regulate ACE2 in human kidney tubular cells, which were blocked by an angiotensin II (AT)1 receptor antagonist (losartan), but not by an AT2 receptor blocker (PD123319). Furthermore, blockade of ERK1/2 or p38 MAP kinases by either specific inhibitors or a dominant-negative adenovirus was able to abolish Ang II-induced ACE2 down-regulation in human kidney tubular cells. In conclusion, Ang II is able to up-regulate ACE and down-regulate ACE2 expression levels under hypertensive conditions both in vivo and in vitro. The AT1 receptor-mediated ERK/p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway may be a key mechanism by which Ang II down-regulates ACE2 expression, implicating an ACE/ACE2 imbalance in hypertensive cardiovascular and renal damage.

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