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From the Institute of Pathology,*
Ludwig Maximilians
University, Munich; and the Institute of Molecular
Virology,
GSF-National Research Center
for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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0.004). The survival times of patients with
high Fas-L-expressing angiosarcomas were significantly reduced as
compared to patients with low Fas-L-expressing tumors. Our results show
that angiosarcomas with low Fas-L expression are characterized by
numerous TILs, whereas sarcomas with high Fas-L expression show
significantly reduced numbers of TILs. These results suggest that the
Fas/Fas-L system may repress TIL invasion into angiosarcoma and by this
may contribute to the evasion of the anti-tumor immune surveillance of
angiosarcoma in the course of an apoptotic tumor counterattack
mechanism.
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Fas and its ligand are highly expressed in activated T-cells, natural killer cells, CD34-positive stem cells, and several other nonimmune cells including endothelial cells (ECs).1-9 Fas-L expression in ECs has been detected in primary cultures of ECs and in tissues in the endothelium of arteries in the rabbit ear and in immunoprivileged sites, such as the human eye and testis.10-13 It has been shown that endothelial Fas-L induces apoptosis in Fas-expressing immune cells adhering to the vessel wall. This mechanism may contribute to the control of leukocyte extravasation into tissues.10-13
ECs in addition to Fas-L also express Fas, both in culture and in tissues in the blood vessels of the central nervous system, the placenta, and the skeletal muscle.14 However, co-expression of Fas and Fas-L does not induce apoptosis in ECs.10,11,15 These results suggest that EC-derived tumors may be resistant to cell-mediated anti-tumor defense mechanisms targeting the Fas/Fas-L system. The expression of Fas/Fas-L in EC-derived tumors has so far not been investigated.
Here we investigated the expression of Fas and Fas-L in 40 angiosarcomas with different histopathological tumor grades. Fas protein was detected in <50% of the angiosarcomas. In the positive cases it was expressed in variable numbers of tumor cells and did not correlate with any parameter investigated in this study. By contrast, the level of Fas-L expression correlated significantly with a reduction of the numbers of CD3-positive and CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). These findings suggest that the angiosarcoma cells may evade cellular anti-tumor responses of the host by a Fas-L-mediated apoptotic counterattack on TILs.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The angiosarcoma collective (n = 40) was composed of 18 females and 22 males (median age, 55 years; age range, 24 to 87 years). The localization of angiosarcomas included the extremities (n = 11, 27.5%), breast (n = 6, 15%), head (n = 4, 10%), heart, thyroid and liver (each n = 3, each 7.5%), sternum and retroperitoneum (both n = 2, both 5%) as well as the diaphragm, trunk, parotid gland, lung, pancreas, and pelvis (each n = 1, each 2.5%). The known facultative predisposing factors for the development of angiosarcoma in the cases studied were: chronic lymphedema in three cases and postirradiation status in two cases. Thyroid angiosarcomas are known to show a predilection for inhabitants of mountainous regions (such as the Bavarian alpine region) with iodine deficiency and development of long-standing nodular goiter.16 Anamnestical data on an occupational exposure to thorotrast (thorium dioxide), arsenic solutions, or vinyl chloride, which may be associated with the development of angiosarcomas were not found. Median survival was 339 days after diagnosis and survival ranged from 18 to 5446 days.
Histopathology
Surgical specimens were collected at the Institute of Pathology
(Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany) in the period between
1983 and 2000. The material had been fixed in buffered formalin (pH
7.0) for 24 to 48 hours and embedded into a low melting paraffin
(Paraplast; Vogel, Giessen, Germany). The basic morphological diagnosis
and classification of the cases were performed according to the
criteria of Enzinger and Weiss,17
and as described
earlier.18
All angiosarcomas were graded according to the
criteria of Coindre and colleagues.19
Grading resulted in
6 low-grade angiosarcomas (15%), 15 intermediate-grade sarcomas
(37.5%), and 19 high-grade sarcomas (47.5%) (Table 1)
.
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Consecutive 3-µm sections were cut and mounted on sialinized slides (Superfrost Plus; Menzel-Gläser, Braunschweig, Germany). Sections were dewaxed in xylene and rehydrated. Sections for CD95-DX2 and CD95-Apo-1 immunohistochemistry were immersed in Target retrieval solution 6 (Dakopatts; DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) and subjected to microwave treatment (800 W, 3 x 10 minutes) for antigen retrieval. Microwave treatment of sections for Fas-L (clone 33), Fas-L (clone G247), and CD8 immunohistochemistry was performed in Glyka (Innovative Diagnostik Systeme, Hamburg, Germany), Protex I (Quartett, Berlin, Germany), Target unmasking fluid (TUF, DAKO), respectively. Sections for CD3 staining were treated 30 minutes at room temperature with 0.1% protease Type XXIV (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Deisenhofen, Germany).
Avidin-Biotin Technique
The following antibodies were used with the avidin-biotin technique: the monoclonal mouse anti-human CD95/Fas antibody, clone DX2 (DAKO) reacts with the 48-kd APO-I/Fas protein in Western blot analysis. This antibody was used in a final working concentration of 4 µg/ml (incubation time, 60 minutes). The monoclonal mouse anti-human CD95/Fas antibody, clone APO-1(DAKO) reacts specifically in flow cytometric assays with human Fas-transfected cell lines but not with untransfected parental cell lines. This antibody was used in a final working concentration of 82 µg/ml (incubation time, 60 minutes). The monoclonal mouse anti-human Fas-L antibody, clone 33 (BD Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, KY) was raised to residues 116 to 277 of human Fas-L. This antibody was used in a final working concentration of 0.25 µg/ml (incubation time, 60 minutes). The monoclonal mouse anti-human Fas-L antibody, clone G247 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) was raised to a recombinant protein containing the external domain of human Fas-L. This antibody was used in a final working concentration of 0.6 µg/ml (incubation time, 60 minutes).
Detection of bound primary antibodies was done by standard immunohistochemical streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique20 using commercially available staining kits. For CD95/Fas, clone APO-1 and clone DX2, the Universal DAKO LSAB kit and for Fas-L (clone 33, clone 247) the Vectastain Elite ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA) were used.
Alkaline Phosphatase Anti-Alkaline Phosphatase (APAAP) Technique
The following antibodies were used with the APAAP technique: the polyclonal rabbit anti-human CD3 antibody (DAKO) reacts with the intracytoplasmic portion of the CD3 antigen expressed by T cells. This antibody was used in a final working concentration of 2 µg/ml (incubation time, 30 minutes). The monoclonal mouse anti-human CD8 antibody (DAKO) reacts with a 32-kd protein equivalent to the CD8 molecule as indicated by immunoprecipitation. This antibody was used in a final working concentration of 3 µg/ml (incubation time, 60 minutes).
Detection of bound primary antibodies was done with a standard APAAP method21,22 using a commercially available APAAP system (DAKO).
Controls
To prove staining specificity the following controls were included
in all experiments: for a negative control the primary antibody was
replaced with mouse isotype immunoglobulins. No immunohistochemical
staining was observed in these controls. In addition, Table 1
and Figure 1
show several cases with an intensive
staining reaction and others with a negative immunoreaction for the
different markers. This provided internal negative and positive
controls. For every staining procedure all 40 cases were processed
simultaneously with the same standardized method. This allowed a highly
reproducible comparative analysis of staining patterns and staining
intensities in the different tumors.
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The scoring was done as follows: the results of Fas and Fas-L immunohistochemistry were first classified on the percentage of positively stained cells (PPC): 10, 20, 30, 40, to 100%. Secondly, the specimens in the different groups were further classified according to the staining intensity (SI) in four categories: negative (-), low (SI-L), intermediate (SI-IM), or high staining intensity (SI-H).
The number of tumors infiltrating CD3-positive or CD8-positive T lymphocytes (TILs) was determined microscopically by evaluating vital tumor areas in 10 high-power fields (HPFs). One HPF had a field diameter of 0.5 mm and a field area of 0.196 mm2. The mean numbers of TILs staining CD3- or CD8-positive were scored as follows: label 1, 0 to 1 positive TILs/HPF; label 2, 2 to 5 positive TILs/HPF; label 3, 6 to 10 positive TILs/HPF; label 4, >10 TILs/HPF.
The Spearman rho significance test, the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis
test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the paired chi-square
McNemar’s test, the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test were
applied in statistical analysis using the SPSS statistical software
(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A probability of P 0.05
was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Fas expression in angiosarcoma was investigated with two different
anti-Fas antibodies (CD95-DX2 and CD95-AP0–1; Table 1
). With the
CD95-APO-1 antibody 23 angiosarcomas (57.5%) were negative (Figure 1A)
. Four cases stained positive in up to 10% of the tumor cells
(SI-L, n = 3; SI-IM, n = 1) and seven
sarcomas exhibited an immunoreaction in 20 or 30% of the malignant
cells (SI-L, n = 4; SI-IM, n = 2; SI-H,
n = 1). Six cases exhibited a CD95-APO-1
immunoreactivity in 40 to 60% of the tumor cells (SI-L,
n = 4; SI-IM, n = 2; Figure 1B
). With
the CD95-DX2 antibody 27 of 40 angiosarcomas investigated (67.5%) did
not show any immunoreactivity (Figure 1C)
. Six cases stained positive
with a SI-L in up to 10% of the tumor cells, one sarcoma exhibited an
SI-L immunoreaction in 30% of the malignant cells. Six cases were
positive in >40% of the tumor cells (SI-L, n = 3;
SI-IM, n = 2; SI-H, n = 1) (Figure 1D)
.
The two different anti-Fas antibodies produced similar results.
Comparison of Fas-positive and -negative specimens obtained with both
antibodies using the paired chi-square McNemar test did not show a
significant difference (P = 0.344). Comparison
of the sarcomas with negative or low Fas expression (PPC, 0 to 30%)
and the tumors with high Fas expression (PPC, >30%) showed identical
results in 36 cases (90%).
Detection of FAS Ligand
Fas-L expression in angiosarcoma was investigated with two
different anti-Fas-L antibodies (clone 33 and clone G247; Table 1
).
With the first antibody (clone 33) Fas-L was not detected in 6
angiosarcomas (15%) (Figure 1E)
and 13 cases (32.5%) revealed a
granular-staining reaction in up to 30% of the tumor cells (SI-L,
n = 11; SI-IM, n = 2) (Table 1)
. In all
other cases (52.5%) 40 to 80% of the malignant endothelial cells were
found to be Fas-L-positive (SI-L, n = 5; SI-IM,
n = 9; SI-H, n = 7) (Figure 1, F and G)
. The number of Fas-L-positive cells increased significantly from
grade 1 (median PPC, 20%; Table 1
) to grade 3 angiosarcomas (median
PPC, 70%; Table 1
). With the second antibody (clone G247) Fas-L was
not detected in 11 angiosarcomas (27.5%) (Figure 1H)
and 5 cases
(12.5%) revealed a staining reaction in up to 30% of the tumor cells
(SI-L, n = 4; SI-IM, n = 1) (Table 1)
.
In all other cases (n = 24) 40 to 80% of
the malignant endothelial cells were found to be Fas-L-positive (SI-L,
n = 6; SI-IM, n = 11; SI-H,
n = 7) (Figure 1, I and K
; Table 1
).
Normal endothelium of tissue adjacent to sarcoma infiltration stained
only faintly and inconsistently with the Fas-L antibody clone 33 (data
not shown), whereas staining intensity with the G247 antibody was
clearly higher in vessels in the peritumor area but gradually decreased
in more distant vessels (Figure 1L)
.
Comparsison of the results obtained with two different antibodies on a qualitative basis (Fas-L-positive versus Fas-L-negative specimens) using the paired chi-square McNemar test did not show a significant difference (P = 0.227). Comparison of the sarcomas with negative or low Fas-L expression (PPC, 0 to 30%) and the tumors with high Fas-L expression (PPC, >30%) showed identical results in 29 cases, in 4 cases more cells reacted with the clone 33 anti-Fas-L antibody and in 7 cases higher numbers of positive cells were detectable with the clone G247 anti-Fas-L antibody (paired chi-square McNemar test, P = 0.549). Only in 5 of 40 cases (12.5%) the percentage of positive cells detected with the two different anti-Fas-L antibodies was different by >30%.
Detection of CD3- and CD8-Positive TILs
Only low numbers of CD3-positive lymphocytes (0 to 1 cells per
HPF) were detected in 20% of angiosarcomas (n =
8) (Figure 1M–N
; Table 1
). In 37.5% of the sarcomas
(n = 15) up to five CD3-positive TILs per HPF
were found. Five tumors (12.5%) exhibited between 6 to 10 CD3-positive
TILs per HPF and 30% of the tumors (n = 12)
were infiltrated 10 to 40 CD3-positive TILs per HPF (Figure 1O)
. The
median range of CD3-positive cells in angiosarcomas was 2 to 5 TILs per
HPF (Table 1)
.
CD8-positive lymphocytes were present in low numbers (0 to 1cells per
HPF) in 55% of the angiosarcomas (n = 22). In
5% of the sarcomas (n = 2) up to five
CD8-positive TILs per HPF were found. Ten percent of the angiosarcomas
(n = 4) exhibited 6 to 10 CD8-positive TILs per
HPF and 30% of the tumors (n = 12) were
infiltrated by 10 to 32 CD8-positive TILs per HPF (Figure 1P)
. The
median range of CD8-positive lymphocytes in angiosarcomas was 0 to 1
TIL per HPF (Table 1)
.
Both, CD3- and CD8-positive TILs were present in significantly higher
numbers in the grade 1 angiosarcomas (median CD3, >10 TILs/HPF; median
CD8, 6 to 10 TILs/HPF; Table 1
) as compared to grade 3 tumors (median
CD3, 2 to 5 TILs/HPF; median CD8, 0 to 1 TIL/HPF; Table 1
).
Correlation Analysis of Fas/Fas-L Expression and TIL Numbers
No significant difference was observed in the reactivity of the
two different anti-Fas-antibodies (McNemar test, P =
0.344). Fas expression did not correlate with the expression of Fas-L,
the numbers of CD3-positive or CD8-positive TILs, the histopathological
tumor grade (Table 2)
, and the time of
survival (CD95-Apo-1, P = 0.1006; CD95-DX2,
P = 0.1303; log-rank test). Also, the two different
anti-Fas-L antibodies revealed similar reactivity (McNemar test,
P = 0.227). However, in contrast to Fas expression a
highly significant inverse relation of the numbers of Fas-L-expressing
cells and the numbers of CD3-positive (Spearman rho rank correlation,
P < 0.001; Table 2
) and CD8-positive TILs
(P = 0.004, Table 2
) was observed. This inverse
correlation of Fas-L expression and TIL numbers in angiosarcomas could
be further confirmed by the Kruskal-Wallis test [Fas-L (clone 33),
CD3-positive TILs, P < 0.001; CD8-positive TILs,
P = 0.001; Fas-L (clone G247), CD3-positive TILs,
P = 0.004; CD8-positive TILs, P =
0.016)] and the Mann-Whitney U-Test [TIL low versus TIL
high; Fas-L (clone 33), CD3-positive TILs, P < 0.001;
CD8-positive TILs, P < 0.001; Fas-L (clone G247),
CD3-positive TILs, P = 0.015; CD8-positive TILs,
P = 0.002]. Furthermore, TIL numbers correlated
inversely with increasing histopathological tumor grades of the
angiosarcomas [Spearman rho rank correlation: CD3-positive TILs,
P = 0.001; CD8-positive TILs, P = 0.021
(Table 2)
; Kruskal-Wallis test: CD3-positive TILs, P =
0.008; CD8-positive TILs, P = 0.072].
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; Kruskal-Wallis test, P = 0.029].
With this antibody the highest numbers of Fas-L-expressing cells (PPC
>70%) were almost exclusively associated with tumor grade 3 (Table 1)
.
Preliminary review of the patient data in Table 1
suggested that Fas-L
positivities greater than versus lower than 70% PPC may be
associated with different survival probabilities of the patients. In
fact, Kaplan-Meyer curves confirmed that survival time is shorter in
patients with high Fas-L-expressing tumors (PPC >70%) as compared to
those with low Fas-L-expressing tumors (PPC <70%) (Figure 2)
. The differences in survival times
were found to be of high statistical significance for the results
obtained with the clone 33 anti-Fas-L antibody (log rank test,
P = 0.0083) and of borderline statistical significance
with the clone 247 anti-Fas-L antibody (log rank test,
P = 0.0586). Considering the numbers of cases tested,
both results clearly indicate that high Fas-L expression in
angiosarcomas is associated with shorter survival times of the
patients.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Here we investigated the expression of Fas and its ligand in different grade angiosarcomas. More than 50% of the tumors investigated did not express Fas. Furthermore, in the Fas-positive tumors the numbers of Fas-expressing cells were highly variable and did not correlate with any other parameter investigated in this study. These data indicate that Fas may not trigger malignancy and clinical outcome of the disease. However, absence of Fas expression and/or potential intrinsic resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis of the tumor cells may result in high failure rates of treatment regimens that are directed to the induction of apoptosis in angiosarcoma through Fas.
Fas-L expression, in contrast to Fas, was found in more than half of the angiosarcomas. Fas-L expression has also been detected in several other malignancies including melanomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas.23-32 In these studies it has been suggested that Fas-L-expressing tumor cells may induce apoptosis in Fas-expressing TILs and through this may evade cell-mediated tumor defense mechanisms. Here we provided evidences that this so-called Fas counterattack may also be active in angiosarcomas. Significantly reduced numbers of CD3-positive and CD8-positive TILs were detected in high Fas-L-expressing angiosarcomas as compared to specimens where Fas-L expression was low. These results suggest an important role of Fas-L in angiosarcoma by blocking cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. This mechanism in combination with an impairment of the p53/MDM-2 pathway previously described by us, may promote the progression of angiosarcoma.18 The high clinical importance of Fas-L in angiosarcoma as has been described here, was clearly supported by the fact that high expression of Fas-L correlated with reduced survival times of the patients. Therefore, inhibition of Fas-L activity in angiosarcomas may open new avenues to support cell-mediated anti-tumor response and to increase the survival times of involved patients.
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Footnotes |
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Support by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Graduiertenkolleg Infektion und Immunität (to C. Z.) and by a grant from the Deutsche Krebshilfe (Dr. Mildred Scheel Stiftung) (to M. S.).
Accepted for publication May 25, 2001.
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References |
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