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From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract Materials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Serrated adenoma/mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyp is an uncommon colorectal neoplasm,11,25 characterized by the saw-toothed architectural features of hyperplastic polyp, but with the presence of unequivocal epithelial dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasia). Hyperplastic polyps have been considered to be nonneoplastic lesions without malignant potential, but recent reports have challenged these assumptions. Genetic alterations that are frequent in colorectal carcinoma, such as K-ras mutations, chromosome 1p loss, and microsatellite instability (MSI), have been reported in hyperplastic polyps.19,26-28 These genetic alterations are also present in serrated adenomas.19,22,27,29 It has been reported that serrated adenomas have frequent p53 gene mutations compared with hyperplastic lesions or tubular adenomas,30 but have lower frequency of APC gene mutation than in sporadic tubular adenomas.31
CpG islands are 0.5- to 2-kb regions rich in cytosine-guanine dinucleotides and are present in the 5' region of approximately half of all human genes.32 CpG island methylation (CIM) is a mechanism for suppression of transcription of genes in physiological and pathological settings including neoplasia.33 It has been shown that methylation of CpG islands is a molecular defect common in colorectal adenocarcinoma.34 The recently described CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is a novel pathway characterized by methylation of multiple CpG islands in colorectal carcinomas and adenomas. CIMP includes methylation of genes known to be important in tumorigenesis, such as the p16 tumor suppressor gene and hMLH1 mismatch repair gene.35,36 In addition, CIMP-high adenomas and carcinomas have a distinct genetic profile with frequent mutation of the K-ras gene, but uncommon p53 mutation.35 In a previous study, we reported concordant CIM of multiple hyperplastic polyps in patients with serrated adenoma and/or right-sided hyperplastic polyposis.37 However, the occurrence of CIM in sporadic serrated adenomas has not been studied in detail.
In this study, we examined the methylation status of serrated adenomas and compared the findings to tubular adenomas to determine whether CIMP plays a role in the pathogenesis of sporadic serrated adenomas.
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Materials and Methods |
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This study included endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens from 28 colorectal serrated adenomas, including 5 serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands (Figure 1)
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from 27 patients identified from the files of the Department of Pathology at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between the years 1993 to 2001. Six serrated adenomas associated with 6 to 10 hyperplastic polyps were classified as serrated adenomas with multiple hyperplastic polyps, and 22 serrated adenomas associated with or less than 5 hyperplastic polyps were classified as sporadic serrated adenomas.6
Thirty-four colorectal tubular adenomas from 34 patients, and 17 specimens of colonic mucosa (six from serrated adenoma patients, three from tubular adenoma patients, and eight from patients without colonic polyps) randomly selected in 2000 or 2001 were also included in this study as controls. The demographics of the patient population and the polyp characteristics analyzed in the present study are summarized in Table 1
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Microdissection from paraffin-embedded tissue was performed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. Genomic DNA was extracted from microdissected tissue as described previously.38 For 23 serrated adenomas only the glands with unequivocal epithelial dysplasia and saw-toothed architecture were microdissected. For five serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands, the hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands were microdissected and analyzed separately. Each specimen was treated with 50 µl of lysis buffer containing 0.5% Tween 20 (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany), 20 µg proteinase K (Boehringer Mannheim), 50 mmol/L trizma base at pH 8.9, and 2 mmol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The samples were incubated at 56°C overnight. Proteinase K was inactivated by incubating the samples at 100°C for 10 minutes. The extracted DNA was stored at -80°C.
Bisulfite Treatment of DNA and Methylation-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (MSP)
The methylation status of p16, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, and hMLH1 was determined by bisulfite treatment of DNA followed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification (MSP-PCR), as described, with modification.39 The selection of these loci was based on a previous study that showed these loci had high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of hypermethylation in cancer and offered excellent discrimination for CIMP status.34 MINT1 is an island associated with a cDNA transcript of unknown function; MINT2 corresponds to a CpG island that is in the 5' region of a cDNA with an open reading frame that has no protein homology, and MINT31 is 2 kb upstream of the CACNA1G, a T-type calcium channel gene.36,40 In brief, 1 µg of microdissected genomic DNA was denatured with 2 mol/L NaOH at 37°C for 10 minutes, followed by incubation with 3 mol/L of sodium bisulfite (pH 5.0) at 50°C for 16 hours in the dark. After treatment, DNA was purified using the DNA cleanup kit (Promega, Madison, WI) as recommended by the manufacturer, incubated with 3 mol/L of NaOH at room temperature for 5 minutes, precipitated with 10 mol/L of ammonium acetate and 100% ethanol, washed with 70% ethanol, and finally resuspended in 20 µl of distilled water.
Methylation status of p16, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, and hMLH1 was determined using 2 µl of bisulfite-treated DNA for bisulfite-PCR. PCR products from methylated and unmethylated reactions were electrophoresed on 6% acrylamide gels, and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. Primer sequences and conditions for PCR are summarized in Table 2
. DNA from the RKO colon cancer cell line (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) was used as a positive control for methylation. For quantitation of methylated alleles, gel images were digitized using a BioRad imager and quantitated using the manufacturer’s software (BioRad, Hercules, CA). MSP-PCR provided semiquantitative results. The loci (p16, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, and hMLH1) were classified as unmethylated if the intensity of methylated band was <10% of the unmethylated band, or methylated if the intensity of methylated band was 
10% of the unmethylated band.
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CIMP status was determined for serrated and tubular adenomas with three or more evaluated loci. Serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas were classified as CIMP-negative if none of the evaluated loci were methylated, CIMP-low if one locus was methylated, and CIMP-high if two or more loci were methylated.36 The sensitivity of any MINT locus to predict CIMP was 75% and specificity was 95%. The sensitivity of p16 to predict CIMP phenotype was 65% and specificity was 100%.
MSI Analysis
MSI was determined by PCR amplification using fluorescent dye-labeled (forward primer) and unlabeled (reverse primer) methodology for three mononucleotide repeats markers [BAT-25, BAT-26, and transforming growth factor-ß type II receptor (TGF-ßRII)]. The forward oligonucleotide was end-labeled with 6-FAM (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). PCR was performed in 15-µl reaction volumes containing 40 ng of DNA, 9 µl ABI Prism True Allele PCR Premix (Applied Biosystems), and 5 pmol of 6-FAM-labeled forward primer and 10 pmol of unlabeled reverse primer. PCR was performed using the following cycling conditions: denaturation at 95°C for 6 minutes; 45 cycles (94°C for 45 seconds, 55°C for 45 seconds, 72°C for 1 minute), and extension at 72°C for 30 minutes. The PCR product was diluted further with 30 µl of H2O, and a 1.0-µl aliquot of each diluted fluorescent-labeled PCR product was combined with 12 µl of formamide and 0.5 µl of GeneScan 400HD (ROX) size standard (Applied Biosystems). The samples were then capillary electrophoresed on an ABI 3700 DNA Analyzer using GeneScan Analysis software (Applied Biosystems). Allelic shift (MSI) of a microsatellite marker was defined by the presence of at least one additional band in the DNA.
Statistical Analysis
Difference in frequency were evaluated with chi-square tests. Univariate analyses of the interaction between methylation and clinical parameters were performed with this test and with Fisher’s exact test when testing small samples. All P values presented are two-sided, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
All serrated and tubular adenomas in the study with a successful determination of the methylation status for at least three loci were included in the analysis. For serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands, the methylation status was scored as methylated if either the hyperplastic gland component or the adenomatous glands component had methylation. Patient characteristics included age, sex, and previous history of hyperplastic polyps, tubular adenomas, serrated adenomas, or colorectal cancers. Characteristics of serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas included location, size, and histology.
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Results |
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There were no significant differences in the age or gender of the patients or the location of polyps between sporadic serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas (Table 1)
. Patients with sporadic serrated adenomas had a higher frequency of hyperplastic polyps (1.3 ± 1.6) as compared to patients with tubular adenomas (0.4 ± 0.9, P = 0.02). There was no difference in the frequency of previous tubular adenomas, serrated adenomas, or colorectal cancer between the two groups. Patients with serrated adenomas with multiple hyperplastic polyps had a higher number of endoscopic examinations (3.0 ± 0.8) as compared to patients with sporadic serrated adenomas (1.9 ± 1.1, P = 0.02). There was no difference in the frequency of hyperplastic polyps between sporadic serrated adenoma patients with history of colorectal cancer (0.7 ± 0.8) or without (1.5 ± 1.8, P = 0.15).
Methylation at p16, MINT1, MINT2, and MINT31
Figure 2
shows examples of methylation at p16, MINT1, MINT2, and MINT31. The methylation status of serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas status are summarized in Figure 3
. No methylation of p16 and MINT1 was present in nonlesional colonic mucosa, but methylation of MINT2 (5.9%, 1 of 17) and MINT31 (6.3%, 1 of 16) was each identified in one sample of nonlesional colonic mucosa. The frequency of methylation at p16, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, and hMLH1 was 48% (10 of 21), 48% (10 of 21), 71% (15 of 21), 32% (7 of 22), and 14% (3 of 21), respectively, in sporadic serrated adenomas compared to 17% (1 of 6), 17% (1 of 6), 33% (2 of 6), 17% (1 of 6), and 20% (1 of 5) in serrated adenomas with multiple hyperplastic polyps, and 29% (10 of 34), 9% (3 of 34), 18% (6 of 34), 24% (8 of 34), and 0% (0 of 30) in tubular adenomas (Table 3)
. The frequency of methylation of MINT1 and MINT2 was higher in sporadic serrated adenomas than in tubular adenomas [48% (10 of 21) versus 9% (3 of 34), P = 0.001; and 71% (15 of 21) versus 18% (6 of 34), P = 0.0001, respectively]. There was no difference between methylation of p16 and MINT1 between sporadic serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas.
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. The mean number of methylated site was 2.0 ± 1.7 in sporadic serrated adenomas versus 0.8 ± 0.9 in tubular adenomas (P = 0.00001).
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. CIMP in Serrated Adenoma and Tubular Adenomas and Clinicopathological Associations
There was a significant difference in CIMP status between sporadic serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas (Figure 5)
. The prevalence of CIMP-high, CIMP-low, and CIMP-negative was 68% (15 of 22), 18% (4 of 22), and 14% (3 of 22), respectively, in sporadic serrated adenomas as compared to 18% (6 of 34), 38% (13 of 34), and 44% (15 of 34), respectively, in tubular adenomas (P = 0.0005), and to 17% (1 of 6), 17% (1 of 6), and 66% (4 of 6), respectively, in serrated adenomas with multiple hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.03). All five serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands were CIMP-high as contrasted to 11 of 23 (48%) of serrated adenomas (P = 0.052).
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). There was no correlation between CIMP status and other clinicopathological factors of patients with sporadic serrated adenomas (Table 4)
or tubular adenomas (data not shown). There was no association between the CIMP status and the frequency of previous hyperplastic polyps in patients with serrated adenoma. In patients with serrated adenomas, the hyperplastic polyps were predominantly located in rectosigmoid colon in 4 of 5 patients with multiple (5 to 10) hyperplastic polyps and in 9 of 12 patients with less than five hyperplastic polyps (Figure 6)
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There was no difference in prevalence of high levels of MSI between sporadic serrated adenomas (18%, 4 of 22) and tubular adenomas (3%, 1 of 34, P = 0.07; Figure 2
). MSI was present in 2 of 5 (40%) serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands as compared to 2 of 23 (7%) of classic serrated adenomas (P = 0.13). Methylation of hMLH1 gene was present in two of four sporadic serrated adenomas with MSI (Figure 3)
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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We studied CIM in sporadic serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas. In our present study, methylation of two or more CpG islands (CIMP-high) was present in 68% of serrated adenomas but only in 18% of tubular adenomas, suggesting that CIM plays a more important role in the pathogenesis of sporadic serrated adenomas than in tubular adenomas. Aberrant methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes is associated with transcriptional inactivation of the genes and is thought to play an important role in carcinogenesis.32,48
The recently discovered CIMP is a novel pathway characterized by methylation of multiple CpG islands in colorectal carcinomas and adenomas.34
The methylation status of sporadic serrated adenomas had not been reported previously. Methylation at multiple loci (CIMP-high) is present in 40 to 50% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas and adenomas,34-36
and in 43% of hyperplastic polyps and 75% of serrated adenomas from patients with hyperplastic polyposis.37
Hyperplastic polyposis is morphologically and genetically heterogeneous, patients with hyperplastic polyposis can have chromosome 1p allelic loss, and patients with large right-sided hyperplastic polyps or small number of hyperplastic polyps tend to lack of 1p loss.6
In the present study, CIMP-high was detected in only 17% (one of six) of serrated adenomas with multiple hyperplastic polyps. This discrepancy may be because of the different distribution pattern of hyperplastic polyps in these two studies. There is a predominance of right-sided hyperplastic polyps in the previous study of patients with hyperplastic polyposis and serrated adenomas,37
this is in contrast of predominance of left-sided hyperplastic polyps even in patients with multiple (6 to 10) hyperplastic polyps in this study (Figure 6)
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Previous studies have shown heterogeneity of genetic alterations in serrated adenomas, including K-ras mutations, p53 gene mutations, and MSI.6,18,19,29,30 The frequency of K-ras gene mutations has been reported to be as high as 58%, ie, higher than in tubular adenomas.30 Overexpression of p53 protein of the type associated with p53 gene mutation (100%, 11 of 11) and mutation of p53 (47%, 9 of 19) have been demonstrated in serrated adenomas in one study.30 However, other studies have shown a low rate of K-ras mutation and p53 overexpression.49,50
In our study, MSI was present in 14% of serrated adenomas, and 75% of serrated adenomas with MSI had CIMP-high. The development of MSI in serrated adenoma6,18,19,37 may have a role in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinomas. Previous reports have shown more frequent MSI in colorectal carcinomas associated with a serrated adenoma compared to carcinomas without residual serrated adenoma.17 An association between colorectal carcinomas with MSI and serrated adenomas and hyperplastic polyps has also been reported.22 In addition, MSI develops because of methylation of hMLH1 in sporadic CIMP-high colorectal carcinomas, and in CIMP-high serrated adenomas, tubular adenomas, and carcinomas in patients with hyperplastic polyposis.34,37 In the present study, methylation of hMLH1 gene was present in two of four sporadic adenomas with MSI.
Serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands have been described but not well characterized. Most studies have not separated these from the serrated adenomas. However, serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands are more frequently associated with K-ras mutation, p53 overexpression, and MSI in some studies.6,19 In our present study, MSI was present in 40% of serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands but only in 8% of pure serrated adenomas, and all five serrated adenomas with hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands had CIMP-high. The serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands showed heterogeneity between the adenomatous and hyperplastic components in genetic alterations such as K-ras mutations and p53 overexpression,6 and in the methylation pattern (the present study). These observations are based on small numbers of cases and suggest that the molecular pathogenesis of serrated adenomas with admixed hyperplastic glands and adenomatous glands may be different from pure serrated adenomas, however, a larger series is needed to confirm these observations.
Previous studies have shown an association between serrated adenomas and hyperplastic polyps in patients with sporadic colorectal carcinomas,22 and in patients with hyperplastic polyposis.37 Similarly, in our current study hyperplastic polyps were more frequent in patients with serrated adenomas compared to patients with tubular adenomas. In our previous study, hyperplastic polyposis patients with serrated adenomas had concordant methylation of multiple hyperplastic polyps,37 but in the present study of sporadic serrated adenomas we found no association between the presence and absence of previous history hyperplastic polyps and the CIMP status of the serrated adenoma. This suggests that the mechanism of methylation is lesion-specific in sporadic serrated adenomas and patient-specific in patients with hyperplastic polyposis.
In conclusion, our results demonstrated that concordant methylation occurs more frequently in sporadic serrated adenomas than in tubular adenomas and that epigenetic alterations because of methylation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sporadic serrated adenomas.
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Footnotes |
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Accepted for publication November 15, 2002.
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