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From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 460,* Cardiovascular Remodeling, Centre Hospitale Universitaire (CHU) Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Department of Biology, Hassan II University, School of Sciences Ain chok, Casablanca, Morocco; Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint-Denis, France
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Abstract |
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1-antitrypsin, but not when 1-antitrypsin was added after binding of elastase to the fibrin gel. In conclusion, elastase released by PMNs trapped within the mural thrombus impairs the spontaneous anchorage of mesenchymal cells to a fibrin matrix. This phenomenon could be one mechanism by which cellular healing of the mural thrombus in aneurysms is prevented.
Vß3-integrins and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1.13
Fibronectin is the main adhesive protein14
involved in the survival of adherent cells.15,16
Cellular fibronectin is synthesized and secreted by SMCs, which adhere to it17
and by adherent stromal cells of bone marrow origin.18
Plasma fibronectin, synthesized and secreted by the liver, binds to fibrin during clotting and to collagen and heparan sulfates in tissues. Contrasting with the healing properties of the fibrin-fibronectin matrix in other tissues, the fibrin matrix of aneurysmal mural thrombi, which maintains a continuous interface with circulating blood, is not colonized by adherent cells, allowing the proteolytic injury of the arterial wall to continue unimpeded, leading to dilatation and rupture.19 Whereas the common response of the arterial wall to injury is intimal colonization,20 aneurysms are characterized by extracellular matrix degradation, disappearance of SMCs, presence of a mural thrombus, and absence of colonization by mesenchymal cells.19 In stenosing atherothrombosis, SMC proliferation, matrix production, and re-endothelialization can lead to incorporation of a mural thrombus into the arterial wall, a phenomenon which appears not to occur in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Mesenchymal cell colonization of the intima may result predominantly from migration of SMCs from the media, but also from adhesion of circulating progenitors of bone marrow origin at the site of injury.21 We have recently shown that, compared to the deeper layers, the luminal layer of the aneurysmal thrombus is enriched with PMNs and releases gelatinase B (MMP-9).22 In parallel, it has been reported that elastase released by PMN degranulation is able to induce loss of cell anchorage and apoptosis (anoikis) of cultured adherent cells.19,23 It thus appears probable that elastase released by PMNs trapped within the fibrin matrix may play a role in preventing the colonization of the mural thrombus by mesenchymal cells. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed first the release and storage of neutrophil proteases by human aneurysmal thrombi ex vivo. Since cultured adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) spontaneously differentiate into SMC-like mesenchymal cells,18,24 we also investigated the effect of elastase released by PMNs and bound to fibrin on the ability of both somatic SMCs and BMSCs to colonize a fibrin matrix.
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Materials and Methods |
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Ten mural thrombi from human aneurysms were collected during surgical repair and rapidly dissected into three parts: the luminal part, the intermediate part, and the abluminal fibrinolytic part (Figure 1A)
. The samples were obtained as surgical residues in accordance with the French ethical laws (L.1211–3-9).
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As previously demonstrated,26 elastase was extracted from each layer by agitation with 1 mol/L acetate buffer, pH 4.5 (2 ml/g of wet tissue), for 2 hours at room temperature. Extracts were then dialyzed against 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 0.2% Triton X-100, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for activity and culture assays, respectively. Protein concentrations were determined by the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Marne la Coquette, France).
For examination by light microscopy, small samples of the three layers of mural thrombi were fixed in 3.7% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Serial 5-µm sections were used for nuclear staining and immunohistochemistry. Hematoxylin/eosin was used to show cell nuclei within the thrombus. Neutrophil elastase was immunolocalized by a specific anti-human elastase antibody (Calbiochem, Nottingham, England) used at 1:200 dilution, smooth muscle cell by -actin antibody (DAKO, Trappes, France) used at 1:50 dilution and revealed by the peroxidase-DAB method (Vectastain ABC kit, Vector, Paris, France). Human PMNs were used as positive controls. A negative control was obtained by the preincubation of the antibodies with pure leukocyte elastase.
To test the ability of the different parts of the thrombus to be colonized by SMCs, thin slices (100 µm) of luminal and intermediate layers of fresh thrombi (
2 cm2) were sampled and placed flat on the well bottom in 6-well plates. These slices covered approximately half of the surface of the well bottom. Smooth muscle cells were then seeded at a density of 5 x 105 cells per well and colonization of both thrombus slices and of the surrounding plastic well surface were analyzed 1 week later. The thrombus slice was removed, fixed, and embedded for light microscopy as described above. Five-µm sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and SMC -actin antibody. SMCs remaining in the well were also stained with hematoxylin/eosin and examined in situ by phase contrast microscopy.
In Vitro Studies of SMC-PMN-Fibrin Interactions
Human SMCs were obtained from small pieces of human radial and mammary arteries by explants of the medial layer.27,28 SMCs were cultured in SMC basal medium 2 (Promocell, Heidelberg, Germany) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), gentamicin (25 µg/ml), amphotericin (25 ng/ml), insulin (2.5 µg/ml), human fibroblast growth factor (hbFGF) (1 ng/ml), and human epithelial growth factor (hEGF) (0.25 ng/ml). Cultures were performed at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cells were used at passage 4.
Stromal cells of bone marrow origin were isolated and cultured as previously described18,24 with slight modifications. Briefly, bone marrow was extracted from femoral heads obtained during surgical repair. Bone marrow cells were eluted by Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) flush and residual erythrocytes were eliminated by hypo-osmotic shock. Cells eluted from marrow were then seeded in tissue culture flasks coated with fibronectin (50 µg/ml) and cultured in SMC basal medium 2 (Promocell) containing 10% FCS, gentamicin (25 µg/ml), amphotericin (25 ng/ml), insulin (2.5 µg/ml), hbFGF (1 ng/ml), and hEGF (0.25 ng/ml). The medium was completely replaced every 2 days and non-adherent cells were discarded. Confluency was obtained after 1 month of culture. Cultures were performed at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cells were used at passage 2.
PMNs were obtained from heparinized venous blood of volunteers by 2% dextran sedimentation followed by Ficoll-Paque (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ, USA) centrifugation and hypo-osmotic lysis of residual erythrocytes.23 Cells were maintained in HBSS. The viability, measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)29 and purity of the final preparation were greater than 99 and 95%, respectively. PMN degranulation was obtained by addition of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) at 10–6 M for 10 minutes, at 37°C (500 µl of conditioned medium corresponding to the release of 5 x 105 activated PMN were used throughout the experimental procedure).
Twenty-four- and 96-well plates were coated overnight with human fibrinogen (LFB) at 5 mg/ml at room temperature. Wells were washed with PBS and 2 UI/ml thrombin in PBS (Stago, Parnippany, NJ, USA) were added and incubated for 2 hours at 37°C. Wells were rinsed and residual thrombin activity was inhibited by addition of 1 µmol/L PPACK (Bachem, Western Rhein, Germany). Wells were rinsed again with PBS and stored in the same buffer at 4°C until use.
Elastase, activated-PMN supernatants, and mural thrombus extracts, alone or treated with different inhibitors: 2 mmol/L PMSF (serine protease inhibitor), 10–5 M PD0166973 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor) (Parke Davis), 106– M SLPI (secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor) (Generous gift of Michel Chignard and Dominique Pidard, Pasteur Institute, Paris)30,31
or 10–7 M 1-antitrypsin (serine protease inhibitor) (Calbiochem) were incubated on 24-well plates coated with fibrin overnight. Wells were rinsed with PBS buffer and human SMCs or BMSCs were loaded (2.5 x 105/wells) in basal medium with gentamicin (25 µg/ml), amphotericin (25 ng/ml), hbFGF (1 ng/ml), and hEGF (0.25 ng/ml). After 24 hours of incubation, cells were photographed, supernatants were collected and frozen until use and cell viability was determined.
Cells were washed with PBS. Remaining viable adherent cells were quantified using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) test (Sigma, Lyon, France).32 Cells were incubated for 1 hour with PBS containing 0.5 mg/ml of MTT at 37°C. After aspiration, remaining formazan crystals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and homogenized. Absorbance was read at 550 nm with a microtitration plate reader (Titertek). All of these tests were performed in 24-well plates.
The method of terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was used to visualize DNA fragmentation.33 A cell death detection kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A positive control (1 µg/ml DNase I treatment for 10 minutes after permeabilization) and a negative control (without terminal transferase) were included in each set of experiments. Total cell nuclei were counterstained with 100 ng/ml DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride).
Genomic DNA was isolated from SMCs and BMSCs using standard DNA extraction methods (G-NOME kit, BI0101). DNA (10 µg) was loaded on a 1.8% agarose gel containing 0.5 mg/ml ethidium bromide and separated by electrophoresis allowing detection of DNA fragmentation (DNA ladder).34
Cell death detection was performed by photometric enzyme immunoassay for in vitro determination of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Roche).
Non-adherent cells were centrifuged at 150 x g for 6 minutes onto slides, fixed with cold methanol for 5 minutes or paraformaldehyde for 1 hour, then stained with hematoxylin and eosin before microscopic observation or used for TUNEL assay or DNA ladder electrophoresis.
Proteolytic Activities
PMN media alone or treated with different inhibitors (2 mmol/L PMSF, 10–5M PD0166973, 10–6 M SLPI, 10–7 M 1-antitrypsin) were incubated overnight in 96-well plates coated with fibrin. Wells were rinsed with PBS before determination of elastase activity with a specific chromogenic substrate, 1.5 mmol/L N-Met-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-pNA (Sigma).35
The release of human MMP-8 antigen was measured in the conditioned media using a commercially available Biotrak ELISA system (Amersham).
Gelatinolytic and caseinolytic activities in tissue extracts and conditioned media were measured as previously described.22 Samples containing 5 µg and 15 µg of proteins were loaded on gelatin and casein gels, respectively. Gelatin and casein gels were incubated at 37°C for 19 hours and 72 hours, respectively. Lysis areas were quantified by densitometric scanning using NIH Image 1.61 software. To discriminate between MMP and serine protease activity, additional gels were incubated in presence of inhibitors of MMPs (30 mmol/L EDTA) or serine proteases (2 mmol/L Pefabloc).
Standard procedures were used for Western blot analysis.36 Fibronectin was detected in conditioned media using SDS-PAGE, and proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes (NEN, Monza, Italy). The membranes were blotted with anti-fibronectin antibody (Ab-1, 1:2000 dilution; Calbiochem) and a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. Membranes were then exposed to X-ray films for chemiluminescence detection. Purified human fibronectin was purchased from Sigma and used as control. Fibronectin degradation was obtained by incubation of fibronectin with activated PMN-conditioned media (1 µg of fibronectin with 500 µl of activated PMN-conditioned media (106 PMN/ml)) for 1 hour at 37°C.
Statistical Analysis
Each experiment was performed on at least three samples, in triplicate. Data are presented as means ± SD. Analysis was performed by paired tests for comparison of luminal versus intermediate and abluminal parameters, and by a one-way analysis of variance followed by the Fisher test, when appropriate. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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All aneurysmal mural thrombi were composed of three layers with a fresh clot at the luminal surface (Figure 1A)
. Microscopic observation after hematoxylin/ eosin staining demonstrated the presence of numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes in this layer, as shown by the polylobed aspect of the cell nuclei (Figure 2A)
. Gelatin zymography, performed on the conditioned media after 24 hours incubation of the different layers of the thrombus, provided evidence of the release of MMP-9 and MMP-2 by the thrombus. The MMP-9 is probably, at least in part, of PMN origin as demonstrated by the presence of a 125-kd band of lysis in the luminal layer corresponding to the MMP-9-lipocalin heterodimer complex, secreted by PMNs (Figure 1B)
.37
Release of MMP-8 antigen (neutrophil collagenase)38
also predominated in the luminal layer (Figure 1C)
.
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. It was inhibited by PMSF and 1-antitrypsin but not by PD0166973, an MMP inhibitor (Figure 2C)
. These data were confirmed by detection of a caseinolytic activity at 28 kd mainly in extracts of the luminal layer of the thrombus (15 µg of total proteins loaded on gel), corresponding to the elastase activity released by f-MLP-activated PMNs (Figure 2D)
. Only low levels of elastase activity were detected in neutral-conditioned media of the luminal layer (100 µg of total proteins loaded on gel), an activity which was 10-fold lower than that in acidic luminal extracts (Figure 2D)
, indicating that most elastase activity in the luminal thrombus remains bound to the fibrin matrix. Neutrophil Elastase Localization
Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of elastase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Moreover positive staining was not restricted to the cells but was present also in the fibrin matrix surrounding dying cells (Figure 2A)
.
Fibronectin Fragmentation Was Present in Thrombus Extracts
Because leukocyte elastase released from activated PMNs is able to degrade fibronectin,23,39
Figure 2E
shows the presence of fibronectin fragments, spontaneously released by the thrombus in the conditioned medium.
Extracts of Luminal Thrombus Induce Anoikis of SMCs and BMSCs in Culture
As we have previously demonstrated that leukocyte elastase released by activated PMNs induced anoikis of SMCs,23
the hypothesis that extracts from luminal thrombus containing leukocyte elastase can induce a similar phenomenon was tested. Incubation of cultured SMCs with extracts of luminal thrombus induced cell retraction and detachment (Figure 3B)
which did not occur with extracts of the abluminal part of the thrombus or with control buffer. This cell retraction was associated with TUNEL positivity (Figure 3A)
and DNA laddering (Figure 3C)
. SMC anoikis was prevented by preincubation of luminal extracts with 1-antitrypsin (Figure 3, A to C)
. Similar results were obtained with human BMSCs (Figure 4, A and B)
. Incubation of stromal cells with PMN medium, luminal extract, and purified elastase induced cell retraction and detachment. This phenomenon was prevented by the pretreatment of PMN medium with 1-antitrypsin and SLPI inhibitors. Western blot analysis showed the presence of fibronectin degradation fragments in conditioned media of cultured stromal cells treated with PMN medium, luminal extract, or purified elastase. This degradation was partially prevented with addition of 1-antitrypsin and SLPI before incubation (Figure 4C)
. Stromal cells treated with PMN medium, elastase, or luminal extract presented marked DNA fragmentation that was prevented by preincubation of PMN media with 1-antitrypsin and SLPI (Figure 4D)
.
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. Seven days later, SMCs had grown to confluency on the plastic surface surrounding the thrombus slices in wells containing the intermediate layer whereas in the wells containing the luminal layers, the SMCs were less confluent (Figure 5A)
. Similarly SMCs had grown and colonized the surface of the slices of the thrombus intermediate layer, whereas no SMCs were detectable on the surface of the luminal slices (Figure 5B)
.
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Neutrophil Elastase Activity Is Detected on the Fibrin Matrix after Exposure to PMN Medium
A chromogenic substrate and specific inhibitors were used to measure and characterize the binding of elastase activity to a fibrin matrix. Neutrophil elastase activity was detectable on fibrin matrices preincubated for 12 hours with PMN-conditioned medium and washed three times with PBS buffer (Figure 6A)
. This activity was inhibited by 2 mmol/L PMSF, a serine protease inhibitor, and by SLPI and 1-antitrypsin which are specific inhibitors of neutrophil elastase (Figure 6A)
. Similar results were obtained when preincubation was performed with luminal extracts of mural thombus.
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The ability of SMCs to adhere to a fibrin matrix was checked first. For this purpose, different numbers of smooth muscle cells, varying from 25,000 to 250,000 cells per well, were seeded in 24-well plates to quantify the percentage of cell adhesion. Smooth muscle cells adhered to the fibrin matrix at 91 ± 2%. After seeding of 2.5 x 105 SMCs per well, confluency was reached after 24 hours. Similar results were obtained with BMSCs, which also reached confluency after 24 hours of culture.
Preincubation of a Fibrin Matrix with PMN-Conditioned Media Prevents SMC and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Adhesion and Survival
When fibrin matrices were preincubated with PMN supernatant, SMC adhesion was significantly decreased compared to non-preincubated fibrin matrices (Figure 6B)
. Cell adhesion and viability remained at control levels when PMN secretion products were preincubated with specific inhibitors of serine proteases and neutrophil elastase (P < 0.001) whereas an MMP inhibitor had no effect. The elastase activity associated with these fibrin gels was inversely proportional to the cell viability (P < 0.001, Figure 6B
). In contrast, when 1-antitrypsin was added after elastase had bound to the fibrin gel, this natural inhibitor did not prevent smooth muscle cell loss of anchorage to fibrin (percentage of adherent cells: 1-antitrypsin preincubation: 90 ± 4% versus 1-antitrypsin post-incubation: 25 ± 5% (P < 0.01)). Similarly, preincubation of the fibrin gel with PMN medium or extracts of the luminal layer of aneurysmal thrombus, prevented BMSC anchorage to fibrin (Figure 7, A and B)
. This effect was reversed by preincubation with elastase inhibitors.
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Hematoxylin/eosin staining, DAPI, and TUNEL reaction for detection of apoptosis were applied to adherent and detached SMCs (Figure 6C)
. Both hematoxylin/eosin stain and DAPI showed a uniform staining of SMCs with no nuclear condensation when SMCs were directly seeded on fibrin (data not shown). Fibrin preincubated with elastase, PMN-conditioned media, or with extracts of the luminal layer of the thrombus, did not allow SMC adhesion. Detached cells remaining in the supernatant and residual cells on fibrin exhibited nuclear condensation and were positive for the TUNEL assay. The use of 1-antitrypsin prevented SMC detachment and nuclear condensation and cells remained negative for the TUNEL assay. Detached SMCs obtained after preincubation of the fibrin matrix with PMN secretion products or luminal layer extracts of thrombus presented nuclear condensation and were TUNEL positive. Similar results were obtained with BMSCs. Treatment of the fibrin matrix with PMN medium, luminal extract, and elastase also impaired BMSC adhesion (Figure 7, A to C)
. This phenomenon was prevented by incubation of the media with 1-antitrypsin and SLPI before adsorption to fibrin (Figure 7, B and C)
. BMSCs adhering to fibrin pretreated with PMN medium or luminal extract showed marked DNA fragmentation. The use of 1-antitrypsin and SPLI inhibitors prevented this fragmentation (Figure 7, D and E)
.
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Discussion |
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In a recent study, we have shown that the mural thrombus in human atherosclerotic aneurysms is a site of storage and release of MMP-9 and that polymorphonuclear leukocytes trapped within the thrombus are the main cellular source of this MMP-9.22 Recent luminal clots are sites of platelet deposition43 and fibrin-fibronectin co-polymerization,44 and represent an optimal substrate for PMN adhesion. In the present work, we have extended these data using an ex vivo approach to study proteases bound to and released by the mural thrombus in human aneurysms. Moreover, to explore in more detail the topology of mural thrombus homeostasis, involving both the luminal interface with the circulating blood45 and the abluminal interface with the aneurysmal wall,22 fresh mural thrombi were dissected into three layers: luminal, corresponding to the most recent thrombus layer, intermediate, and abluminal, corresponding to the fibrinolytic interface with the aneurysmal wall. Our data confirm that the thrombus can release pro-MMP-9 and provide new evidence that MMP-9 comes, at least in part, from fibrin-trapped PMNs within the luminal layer. Indeed, MMP-9 is co-secreted with MMP-9-lipocalin heterodimers,46 which are specific for PMN secretion. Interestingly, whereas the lipocalin-MMP-9 complexes decrease in concentration progressively from the luminal to the abluminal layer, shorter bands corresponding to active MMP-9 and MMP-2 are released by the abluminal layer, providing evidence of a centrifugal gradient of MMP activation in the mural thrombus. MMP-8, a collagenase mainly secreted by PMNs,47 showed a distribution similar to that of lipocalin-MMP-9.
MMP-9 and MMP-8 are present in the specific granules of PMNs,47 whereas elastase is present in the azurophilic granules. Therefore, we hypothesized that PMN trapping and degranulation would also lead to the release of elastase within the thrombus. It has already been suggested by several studies that PMNs48,49 and leukocyte elastase50-52 could be involved in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Recently, reduced plasma protease inhibitory activities have been reported in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms.53 Nevertheless, these studies focused on circulating blood markers54 rather than on a role for leukocyte elastase released by PMNs trapped within the mural thrombus.
Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that elastase co-localizes with trapped PMNs and showed its ability to be retained, at least in part, in the fibrin polymer surrounding activated PMNs. It has been recently shown that elastase released by activated PMNs is able to degrade fibronectin23,39 and provoke SMC anoikis.23,39 In the present study we showed the presence of solubilized, degraded fragments of fibronectin in the conditioned media of thrombi, providing further evidence of proteolytic activities within the thrombus. It has already been demonstrated that PMNs could induce detachment of endothelial cells from the extracellular matrix,55,56 as they do for smooth muscle cells.23 It has been recently shown that serum-derived serine proteinase inhibitors are necessary for the spreading of SMCs on a fibrin gel57 and prevented both fibronectin degradation and SMC apoptosis subsequent to the loss of anchorage.58 However, as pericellular proteolysis is a necessary condition for cell migration, serine proteases with elastase activity could be also involved in SMC migration and proliferation.59-61 Thus, the role of elastase in mesenchymal cell physiology is probably dual, either participating in cell migration or inducing cell detachment and death, depending on the cellular source of the proteinase ie, SMCs,61 PMN leukocytes, or macrophages,62 and on the intensity and localization (clustering versus diffusion) of pericellular proteolysis.
Several proteases can bind to fibrin such as MMP-9,63 plasmin, and plasminogen activators.64 In the present study, only a small part of the elastase activity was detected in the neutral-conditioned medium of the luminal layer, providing evidence of little release of elastase by the fibrin matrix. The majority of the activity was retained within the thrombus. Immunohistochemistry not only localized elastase in the PMN granules, but also showed that it diffused locally into the fibrin surrounding PMNs and was retained there. To elute leukocyte elastase from fibrin, various buffers were tested with different ranges of molarity and pH. Finally, acetate buffer (pH 4.8) gave the best result, allowing us to elute elastase, preserving its activity after dialysis against PBS buffer.26,65
We previously demonstrated that elastase-induced fibronectin degradation was associated with apoptosis of adherent SMCs23
due to the loss of cell anchorage.66
There is now much evidence that intact fibronectin is a substrate for cell adhesion67
and can rescue adherent cells from apoptosis.15
Conversely, mutated binding domains of fibronectin induce fibroblast apoptosis.16,68
Similarly, adhesion to matrix is a necessary condition for growth and differentiation of BMSCs into mesenchymal cells capable of colonizing injured tissues and of differentiating into SMC-like cells.18,69
Our present data shows that extracts from the luminal layer of the mural thrombus are able to induce mesenchymal cell anoikis as are the products released during PMN activation; and that elastase inhibitors can prevent this loss of cell anchorage. That leukocyte elastase could be involved in the absence of tissue healing and cell re-colonization has already been suggested in leg ulcers.70,71
Therefore, we hypothesized that elastase released by PMNs and bound to the fibrin polymer could prevent cell adhesion and growth in the thrombus and thus inhibit its re-colonization. To demonstrate this point, we developed an in vitro approach of SMC and BMSC seeding, adhesion and growth on a fibrin matrix, preincubated or not with PMN secretion products or extracts of the luminal thrombus and elastase inhibitors. The elastase inhibitors used in this study are not entirely specific for elastase: 1-antitrypsin inhibits leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase III,72
whereas SPLI inhibits both leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G.31,73
Thus, we cannot exclude the implication of cathepsin G in this phenomenon. However, several experiments were performed on fibrin matrices preincubated with PMN medium and cathepsin G activity was measured using a specific chromogenic substrate and no residual activity was detected on these fibrin matrices (data not shown). As recently shown,13
the present study confirmed that the fibrin polymer is an excellent matrix for adhesion and growth of SMCs and BMSCs, as well as for other adherent cell types,7-9
probably due to the presence of RGD motives. In contrast with the spontaneous adhesion and growth of SMCs and BMSCs on a fibrin matrix, the preincubation of this matrix with the supernatant of activated PMNs or with the extract of the luminal layer of the mural thrombus, followed by several washes, completely prevented cell anchorage and growth, leading to cell anoikis, as demonstrated by the apoptotic phenotype of non-adherent SMCs and DNA fragmentation in BMSCs. The fact that this loss of cell anchorage was prevented by addition of natural elastase inhibitors to conditioned media before incubation with the matrix, but not by several PBS buffer washes of the matrix after its preincubation with PMN-conditioned media, suggested that fibrin-bound elastase plays a predominant role in this phenomenom. In contrast, when natural elastase inhibitors were added after the preincubation of fibrin with PMN-conditioned media, they were unable to prevent mesenchymal cell anoikis, suggesting that fibrin-bound elastase is not sensitive to circulating inhibitors. Such a phenomenom has already been reported for other serine proteases such as plasmin and plasminogen activators74
and for elastase bound to elastin.75
In conclusion, our data first demonstrate that PMNs entrapped in the luminal pole of the mural thrombus of abdominal aortic aneurysms release proteinases such as MMP-9 and MMP-8 and elastase; and secondly, provide evidence that PMN elastase adsorbed in the fibrin matrix can prevent re-colonization of the thrombus by both SMCs and BMSCs. These data point to new therapeutic strategies involving the possible use of diffusible elastase inhibitors in the prevention of aneurysmal evolution via an enhancement of cellular healing by re-colonization of the mural thrombus.
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Acknowledgements |
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Footnotes |
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Supported by the Leducq Foundation and the Fondation de France.
Accepted for publication February 10, 2004.
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1-protease inhibitor reactive site. J Biol Chem 1979, 254:4027-4032(1)-proteinase inhibitor, (1)-antichymotrypsin, or (2)-macroglobulin is required for vascular smooth muscle cell spreading in three-dimensional fibrin gel. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:12799-12805 1-Proteinase inhibitor, 1-antichymotrypsin, and 2-macroglobulin are the antiapoptotic factors of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:11798-11803 1-Proteinase inhibitor forms initial non-covalent and final covalent complexes with elastase analogously to other serpin-proteinase pairs, suggesting a common mechanism. J Biol Chem 2003,
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