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(American Journal of Pathology. 2002;161:575-585.)
© 2002 American Society for Investigative Pathology

Regular Articles

Proliferating Cellular Nuclear Antigen Expression as a Marker of Perivascular Macrophages in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis

Kenneth Williams*, Annette Schwartz{dagger}, Sarah Corey*, Marlene Orandle{dagger}{ddagger}, William Kennedy{dagger}, Brendon Thompson{dagger}, Xavier Alvarez{dagger}{ddagger}, Charlie Brown{ddagger}, Suzanne Gartner§ and Andrew Lackner{dagger}{ddagger}

From the Department of Medicine,*Harvard Medical School, Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; the Division of Comparative Pathology,{dagger}New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southboro, Massachusetts; the National Institutes of Health,{ddagger}Rockville, Maryland; and the Department of Neurology,§Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland

Brain perivascular macrophages are a major target of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques and HIV infection in humans. Perivascular macrophages are distinct from parenchymal microglia in their location, morphology, expression of myeloid markers, and turnover in the CNS. In contrast to parenchymal microglia, perivascular macrophages are continuously repopulated by blood monocytes, which undergo maturation to macrophages on entering the central nervous system (CNS). We studied differences in monocyte/macrophages in vivo that might account for preferential infection of perivascular macrophages by SIV. In situ hybridization for SIV and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry demonstrated that SIV-infected and PCNA-positive cells were predominantly found in perivascular cuffs of viremic animals and in histopathological lesions that characterize SIV encephalitis (SIVE) in animals with AIDS. Multilabel techniques including double-label immunohistochemistry and combined in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed numerous infected perivascular macrophages that were PCNA-positive. Outside the CNS, SIV-infected, PCNA-expressing macrophage subpopulations were found in the small intestine and lung of animals with AIDS. While PCNA is used as a marker of cell proliferation it is also strongly expressed in non-dividing cells undergoing DNA synthesis and repair. Therefore, more specific markers for cell proliferation including Ki-67, topoisomerase II{alpha}, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation were used which indicated that PCNA-positive cells within SIVE lesions were not proliferating. These observations are consistent with perivascular macrophages as terminally differentiated, non-dividing cells and underscores biological differences that could potentially define mechanisms of preferential, productive infection of perivascular macrophages in the rhesus macaque model of neuroAIDS. These studies suggest that within CNS and non-CNS tissues there exist subpopulations of macrophages that are SIV-infected and express PCNA.






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Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Investigative Pathology.