If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password
If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password
Metabolism Unit, Center for Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Metabolism Unit, Center for Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Metabolism Unit, Center for Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Metabolism Unit, Center for Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Metabolism Unit, Center for Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
The high-affinity degradation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is enhanced 3- to 100-fold in leukemic blood cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), suggesting an increased cellular LDL receptor expression. There are, however, inconsistencies regarding the published properties of LDL receptor regulation in AML cells, and previous data on this are indirect. In the present study the aim was to determine whether the LDL receptor number is increased in AML cells. The LDL receptor number was assayed by ligand blot with rabbit 125I-labeled β-very-low-density lipoprotein (β-VLDL) of transferred, SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis-separated AML cell membranes. Samples from 10 patients, six with AML, one with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis, and three with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, were investigated. The LDL receptor expression was strongly suppressed in all samples to levels lower than that of normal mononuclear cells. This was despite the fact that cells from one patient with AML of M4 subtype had a 50- to 100-fold higher 125I-labeled LDL degradation compared with normal cells. Immunoblots with antibodies against gp330/megalin and the LDL-receptor-related protein (LRP) and ligand blot using125I-labeled 39-kd receptor-associated protein (RAP) could not detect gp330/megalin or VLDL receptors. The LRP was abundant in AML samples of M4 and M5b subtype, as determined from both RAP ligand blot and immunoblot using an LRP-specific antibody. It is concluded that LDL receptors are suppressed in AML cells. It is possible that the high degradation of 125I-labeled LDL present in type M4 and M5 AML cells may involve another lipoprotein receptor.
Human cells have receptors for the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein in human plasma, low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
These LDL receptors transport cholesterol-rich lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein (apo)B or apoE into the cell. Tissues with a high demand for cholesterol, such as the adrenal gland and the corpus luteum, have high receptor numbers.
Low density lipoprotein receptor-binding activity in human tissues: quantitative importance of hepatic receptors and evidence for regulation of their expression in vivo.
have shown that freshly isolated leukemic cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis display a 3- to 100-fold higher specific LDL degradation as compared with mononuclear cells from normal subjects or tumor cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In that study, five patients with AML and two patients with CML in blast crisis were all found to have increased LDL receptor activity. These findings were later confirmed by Vitols et al
in a large series of patients. They demonstrated that very high LDL degradation was practically always present in samples from CML in blast crisis and AML of subgroups M4 and M5. The cause for this increased specific LDL degradation remains unclear.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
Two studies have shown, in two leukemia patients, that the elevated basal specific LDL degradation in AML cells is not suppressed after incubation with cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
Binding and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured human fibroblasts: comparison of cells from a normal subject and from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
This is determined from the generation of125I-labeled tyrosine after incubation of cells with125I-labeled LDL at 37°C in the absence and presence of excess unlabeled LDL. The degradation of 125I-labeled LDL that can be displaced by unlabeled LDL is then referred to as cellular LDL receptor activity.
Binding and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured human fibroblasts: comparison of cells from a normal subject and from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
This functional assay is very robust and has therefore been used extensively to monitor LDL receptor function in cultured cells. However, it is an indirect assay, and in the past years it has been shown that cell surface receptors other than the LDL receptor can also mediate specific, high-affinity degradation of 125I-labeled LDL.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor on murine peritoneal macrophages mediates the binding and catabolism of low-density lipoprotein.
We recently found that the gene expression of the LDL receptor and that of the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, were coordinately suppressed in human renal cell carcinoma.
Low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA levels are coordinately reduced in human renal cell carcinoma.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
Uptake of low density lipoproteins by human leukemic cells in vivo: relation to plasma lipoprotein levels and possible relevance for selective chemotherapy.
Disease-related hypocholesterolemia in patients with hairy cell leukemia: positive correlation with spleen size but not with tumor cell burden or low density lipoprotein receptor activity.
and found several observations inconsistent with the current concept of an increased expression of LDL receptors in AML cells (see Discussion). Remarkably, we realized that all studies to date have determined LDL receptor activity by the same indirect LDL degradation assay.
We therefore decided to assay directly the expression of LDL receptors in leukemic cell membranes, with the aim of clarifying whether LDL receptor expression is indeed increased in AML cells. Using an established ligand blot assay,
we found that the expression of LDL receptors in membranes of mononuclear cells from patients with acute leukemia was strongly suppressed, to the same or lower levels than those found in freshly isolated mononuclear cells from normal subjects. The role of the LDL receptor in the abnormal lipoprotein metabolism in AML, and presumably other tumor diseases, therefore requires further attention.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Na125I (IMS 30) was obtained from Amersham (Little Chalfont, UK). Bovine serum albumin (fraction V, catalog item A-6003), cholesterol (C-8503), 25-hydroxycholesterol (H-1015), dibutyryl cAMP (D-0227), dimethylsulfoxide (D-3129), erythrosin B (E-7379), Trizma base (T-1503), leupeptin (L-2884), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (P-7626), 1,10-phenanthroline (P-9375), polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20; P-1379), and retinoic acid (RA; R-2625) were from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). RPMI-1640, fetal calf serum, l-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO-BRL (Paisley, UK). Dried skim milk was from Semper AB, Stockholm, Sweden. Triton X-100 (number 5629) was from Riedel-de Haen (Seelze, Germany). Bio-Rad protein assay (number 500-0001) and high molecular weight standards (161–0303) were obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Richmond, CA). Tissue culture plates (24 wells, 15-mm diameter) and 175-cm2 flasks were from A/S Nunc (Roskilde, Denmark). PD-10 columns were from Pharmacia (Uppsala, Sweden), and nitrocellulose filters (0.45 μm, type BA 85) were from Schleicher & Schuell (Dassel, Germany). Millex-HA filters were from Millipore (Molsheim, France).
Lipoproteins and Lipoprotein-Deficient Serum
LDLs were isolated from serum of healthy blood donors by sequential ultracentrifugation
Rabbit β-migrating very-low-density lipoproteins (β-VLDLs) were obtained after ultracentrifugation atd =1.006 g/ml of plasma from cholesterol-fed rabbits and labeled to a specific activity ranging from 400 to 1000 cpm/ng.
Free 125I was removed by gel filtration on a PD-10 column, followed by extensive dialysis against 0.15 mol/L NaCl, 0.01% EDTA, pH 7.5. Before use, labeled LDLs and β-VLDLs were filtered through MILLEX-HA 0.45-μm and 0.7-μm filters, respectively. Human lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) was obtained after ultracentrifugation of fresh serum from healthy blood donors at d = 1.21 g/ml. LPDS was extensively dialyzed against PBS (140 mmol/L NaCl, 2.7 mmol/L KCl, and 9.5 mmol/L phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) and filtered through a Millex-HA 0.45-μm filter.
Antibodies and Recombinant 39-kd Receptor-Associated Protein
For Western blot analysis of the LDL-receptor-related protein (LRP), the rabbit polyclonal antiserum R777, previously described by Stefansson et al,
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
was used (gift of Dr. Dudley Strickland, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD). Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1H2, specific for human gp330/megalin, was a gift from Dr. Robert McCluskey, Pathology Research Laboratory, Harvard/Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA. This antibody cross-reacts with human and mouse gp330/megalin.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
Goat anti-mouse (GAM; number M-8642) and goat anti-rabbit (GAR; number R-4880) antibodies were obtained from Sigma. The 39-kd receptor-associated protein (RAP) was prepared inEscherichia coli as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-RAP fusion protein as described by Williams et al.
To obtain RAP, the GST fusion protein was digested with thrombin (1 μg/mg fusion protein) while still bound to the glutathione-Sepharose CL4B beads. The supernatant was recovered, and thrombin activity remaining was inhibited by the addition of d-phenylalanyl-l-prolyl-l-arginine chloromethyl ketone (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA). The protein was extensively dialyzed against PBS. Antibodies and RAP were labeled with125I using the chloramine-T method.
Normal human kidney tissue was obtained from patients undergoing nephrectomy because of renal cell cancer. Bovine adrenal glands were obtained from a local slaughterhouse. Mouse F-9 embryonic carcinoma cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). Human mononuclear cells were separated by centrifugation on Lymphoprep (Nyegaard and Co., Oslo, Norway). Normal mononuclear cells were isolated from the buffy coat of two healthy blood donors.
Leukemia Patients
Leukemic mononuclear blood cells were from six patients with AML, one with CML in blast crisis, and three with ALL (Table 1). In one case (patient 1), cells were obtained on two occasions: once at the time of diagnosis (Figure 1) and again 4 months later on relapse of disease. The sample from patient 3 with CML was taken in blast crisis. Cells from all other subjects were obtained at the time of diagnosis. AML subgrouping was made according to the French-American-British (FAB) classification.
Figure 1Absence of detectable LDL receptors in leukemic cells from AML patient 1 (AML subtype M2). Cell and tissue membranes were prepared from mononuclear cells from patient 1, freshly isolated mononuclear cells from a normal subject, and normal human kidney and bovine adrenal glands. The membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 6% gel and thereafter electrotransferred onto a nitrocellulose filter. After incubation of the filter with125I-labeled β-VLDL (5 μg/ml) and subsequent wash as described in Materials and Methods, the filter was exposed to film for 36 hours. M.N., mononuclear.
Isolated mononuclear cells were counted using a Bürker chamber. Cell viability, assessed by erythrosin B exclusion, was >90%. Aliquots of 1-ml cell suspensions were seeded in duplicate in 1.75-cm2 wells at a density of 3 × 106 cells/ml. Cells were incubated for 4 hours with the indicated concentration of 125I-labeled LDL in 1 ml of RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with l-glutamine, 10% LPDS, and antibiotics (100 IU of penicillin and 100 μg of streptomycin/ml of medium). Incubations were made at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The degradation of125I-labeled LDL was assayed after precipitation of the medium with 10% trichloroacetic acid and subsequent oxidation and removal of free iodide using H2O2 and chloroform, respectively, as described by Goldstein et al.
Binding and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured human fibroblasts: comparison of cells from a normal subject and from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Blank incubations, in the absence of cells, were performed in parallel, and these values have been subtracted from the data presented. The high-affinity degradation of125I-labeled LDL (LDL-displaceable or specific degradation) was calculated by subtraction of the degradation in the presence of excess unlabeled LDL from that in the absence of excess unlabeled LDL in duplicate samples. LDL concentration is referred to as protein, determined according the method described by Lowry et al
using bovine serum albumin as standard. 125I-labeled LDL degradation of all mononuclear cells is expressed as nanograms of125I-labeled LDL degraded per hour per 106 cells. The 125I-labeled LDL degradation of mouse F-9 cells is expressed as nanograms of 125I-labeled LDL degraded per hour per milligram of cell protein.
Stimulation of F-9 Cells with Retinoic Acid plus Dibutyryl cAMP
F-9 cells were cultured in 175-cm2 gelatin-coated (0.1%) flasks in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with glutamine and antibiotics. One group of cells was incubated with 0.1 μmol/L retinoic acid (RA) plus 0.2 μmol/L dibutyryl cAMP (dcAMP) as described by Stefansson et al.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
After 7 days of incubation, cells were detached by scraping with a rubber policeman and subsequently wash by centrifugation. Specific degradation of125I-labeled LDL was assayed in parallel in 1.75-cm2 wells as described above.
Preparation of Cellular Membranes
Cells (20 × 106 to 50 × 106) were pelleted in an Eppendorf tube by centrifugation after wash in RPMI-1640 medium. After the addition of 200 to 500 μl of lysis buffer (0.5 mol/L NaCl, 0.05% polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0.02 mg/ml leupeptin, 50 mmol/L Hepes, pH 7.5), cells were homogenized on ice with two 5-second pulses using a polytron (Kinematica, type PT 10/35, Kriens, Luzern, Switzerland) equipped with a mini pestle. Homogenates were rapidly sonicated on ice with two 3-second pulses using a Branson 250 Sonifier (Branson Ultrasonics, Danbury, CT) and thereafter centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The supernatants were rapidly frozen in aliquots and assayed for protein as described for RAP.
SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Separation of Cell and Tissue Membrane Proteins
Membranes were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
under nonreducing conditions on gels with the indicated polyacrylamide concentrations. Samples were electrophoresed using a Protean II gel apparatus (Bio-Rad). The separated proteins were transferred onto BA 85 nitrocellulose filters in a Bio-Rad transblot cell overnight as described by Burnette et al.
“Western blotting”: electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A.
Molecular weight markers used were human LDL (512 kd) and Bio-Rad high molecular weight standards. The markers were reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol and boiled before loading.
Ligand blot of transferred proteins with rabbit125I-labeled β-VLDL was performed as previously described.
In brief, nitrocellulose filters were incubated with 125I-labeled β-VLDL (5 μg of protein/ml) in an albumin-containing buffer and thereafter washed, dried, and finally exposed onto Cronex film at −70°C for the indicated times, using a Quanta 3 intensifying screen (DuPont, Boston, MA). Quantitation of radioactivity in the indicated bands was made using a Fujix Bio-imaging analyzer (BAS 2000, Fuji Photo Film Co., Tokyo, Japan). Data are expressed as arbitrary units (AU) obtained after background subtraction of irrelevant filter areas.
Ligand and Immunoblots
Nitrocellulose filters were preincubated for 1 hour at room temperature in 3% dry milk in PBS, followed by a 1-hour incubation with 1 μg/ml 125I-labeled RAP in PBS containing 3% dry milk, 0.02% Tween 20, and 5 mmol/L CaCl2. Filters were finally washed three times, dried, and exposed to film as described above.
Immunoblots for gp330/megalin and LRP were performed in PBS containing 5% dry milk. After incubation with primary antibody for 1 hour and subsequent washing, a secondary 125I-labeled GAR or GAM antibody was added (2 × 106 cpm/ml) and incubated for an additional hour. After wash, filters were dried and exposed to film as described above.
Results
Our first opportunity to assay LDL receptor expression was in a sample obtained from a patient with AML of the M2 type. Cell membranes from this patient's leukemic cells were separated by SDS-PAGE. For comparison, cell membranes of fresh mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of a normal subject and membranes from normal human kidney and bovine adrenal glands were used. Ligand blot using125I-labeled β-VLDL (Figure 1) showed a strong ∼120-kd band in the bovine adrenal sample, representing highly abundant LDL receptors in this tissue. In the sample from normal mononuclear cells, a faint 120-kd band was visible. In addition, two bands of ∼500 and >600 kd were seen. Surprisingly, membranes prepared from the leukemic cells showed only two abundant bands of ∼500 and >600 kd. No signs of mono- or dimeric forms of the LDL receptor could be detected. The human kidney membranes also showed strong bands of similar but possibly not identical sizes as the leukemic sample. In addition, there were at least three bands around 120 to 160 kd. Thus, the LDL receptor expression in the leukemic tumor cells from this M2 patient was at least as strongly suppressed as in freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells. However, previous data have shown that the degradation of125I-labeled LDL in leukemic cells from M2 patients may at times (∼20%) be within the range observed in normal mononuclear cells.
We therefore decided to assay the specific125I-labeled LDL degradation of the leukemic cells in the next patient available to make possible a comparison between specific degradation of 125I-labeled LDL and LDL receptor expression as determined by ligand blot.
Patient 2 had AML of the M4 form, a subgroup in which the leukemic cells practically always show an abnormally high125I-labeled LDL degradation.
The cells from this patient were obtained from a bone marrow sample. We assayed the specific 125I-labeled LDL degradation of this patient's cells at a concentration of 10 μg/ml 125I-labeled LDL, with and without 150 μg/ml unlabeled LDL, and compared it with normal mononuclear cells that had been preincubated in LPDS medium for 48 hours. The normal LPDS-preincubated cells had a specific125I-labeled LDL degradation of 3.9 ng of125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells, a quantitative value in agreement with previous data on normal derepressed mononuclear cells.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
The leukemic cells from patient 2 had a sevenfold higher degradation rate, 28 ng of 125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells.
The remaining leukemic cells from patient 2 and the derepressed normal mononuclear cells were thereafter frozen at −130°C. Cell membranes were prepared from these cells as well as from cell pellets of the same normal subject's mononuclear cells, which had been frozen immediately after their fresh isolation. Cell membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE and subsequently electrotransferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Probing with 125I-labeled rabbit β-VLDL (Figure 2) showed a faint, but detectable, 120-kd band in the freshly isolated normal cells (FM1). As expected, 2 days of preincubation of normal cells in LPDS medium resulted in a clearly increased LDL receptor expression (PM1). However, the LDL receptor expression in AML patient 2 was just barely detectable, and quantitation of the 120-kd bands showed an expression that was ∼1/10 of the LPDS-preincubated normal mononuclear cells. Thus, it was clear that the highly increased specific 125I-labeled LDL degradation of the leukemic cells from this M4 patient was not related to the expression of LDL receptors in the leukemic cell membranes. Instead, the LDL receptors were strongly suppressed to a similar low magnitude as that in normal freshly isolated mononuclear cells (FM1).
Figure 2LDL receptor expression in membranes from normal mononuclear cells and from leukemic cells (patient 2, AML subtype M4) and specific degradation of125I-labeled LDL by isolated cells. Cell membranes were prepared from a portion of freshly isolated mononuclear cells of a normal subject (FM1). The remaining cells were preincubated in 10% LPDS medium for 48 hours (PM1) before membrane preparation. Cell membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 4% to 8% gel. The separated proteins were electrotransferred onto a nitrocellulose filter that was incubated with 125I-labeled β-VLDL as described. The filter was exposed to film for 7 days. The radioactivity of the 120-kd bands was quantitated in arbitrary units (AU), using a Bio-Imager. The indicated specific 125I-labeled LDL degradation, expressed as ng of 125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells, was determined (see Materials and Methods) on the same occasion in cells from PM1 and patient 2 at a 125I-labeled LDL concentration of 10 μg/ml, with and without excess unlabeled LDL (150 μg/ml).
As the expression of LDL receptors could not explain the strongly increased specific degradation of 125I-labeled LDL of the leukemic cells of patient 2, we speculated that another lipoprotein receptor may instead be involved. In recent years, a family of lipoprotein receptors has been identified, including the LDL-receptor-related protein (LRP),
Surface location and high affinity for calcium of a 500-kd liver membrane protein closely related to the LDL-receptor suggest a physiological role as lipoprotein receptor.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
In parallel, the expression of LDL receptors and LRP are reduced, despite a several-fold increase in the specific degradation of 125I-labeled LDL. Thus, an increased expression of gp330/megalin could result in an enhanced LDL degradation despite suppressed LDL receptors.
To determine whether gp330/megalin was present in the leukemic cells of patient 2, we again separated cell membranes from this patient with SDS-PAGE. As controls, membranes from F-9 cells incubated in the presence and absence of RA+dcAMP were used. After probing with a MAb directed against gp330/megalin, a 20- to 30-fold increase in the expression of this receptor was found in the F-9 cells incubated with RA+dcAMP (Figure 3). However, gp330/megalin was not detectable in the cell membranes from patient 2.
Figure 3Absence of gp330/megalin in membranes of leukemic mononuclear cells. Cell membranes from patient 2 were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 4% to 8% gradient gel. As controls, cell membranes from F-9 cells incubated in the absence (F-9) and presence of RA+dcAMP (F-9+RA) were used. The filter was incubated (0.7 μg/ml) with mouse MAb 1H2 against rat gp330/megalin. The 1H2 antibody was visualized by incubating the filter with 125I-labeled GAM. The filter was exposed to film for 3 days.
To evaluate whether VLDL receptors were present in the cell membranes of patient 2, we took advantage of the fact that the VLDL receptor, like gp330/megalin and LRP, binds RAP with high affinity.
Membranes from the previously used freshly isolated and LPDS-preincubated normal mononuclear cells were separated by SDS-PAGE, together with membranes from patient 2 (Figure 4). Under these conditions, the VLDL receptor has a mobility of 115 to 120 kd.
After probing with 125I-labeled RAP (Figure 4), no bands were observed in the size range for the VLDL receptor. Very strong bands were found at ∼500 kd and at ∼170 kd in all samples; the former should by exclusion represent RAP binding to LRP. Thus, LRP was abundant whereas neither gp330/megalin nor the VLDL receptor could be detected in the leukemic cells from patient 2.
Figure 4Binding of 125I-labeled RAP to mononuclear cell membranes from AML patient 2. As reference, freshly isolated normal (FM1) and LPDS-preincubated (PM1) mononuclear cells, described in the legend to Figure 2, were used. Cell membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 4% to 8% gradient gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was incubated with 1 μg/ml 125I-labeled RAP, washed, and exposed to film for 3 days. The specific 125I-labeled LDL degradation, expressed as ng of 125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells, was determined as described in the legend to Figure 2. N.D., not determined.
We then wanted to determine whether a suppressed LDL receptor expression, which we had observed in cells from these 2 patients with AML, is a general finding in AML. To answer this question, we chose to proceed using previously freshly frozen cells. The disadvantage with this approach is that it does not allow for the determination of cellular LDL degradation. On the other hand, we could select subjects of particular AML subgroups that have previously been shown to invariably have increased LDL degradation, as well as leukemia types that never show increased LDL degradation, such as ALL.
We obtained leukemic cells from five patients with AML, one with CML in blast crisis, and three patients with ALL. All cells had been isolated and thereafter immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen in the presence of 10% dimethylsulfoxide at the time of the patient's first admittance to the hospital. In one case (patient 1), cells were obtained after relapse of disease, before chemotherapy. Leukemic cell membranes were prepared from each sample and subjected to SDS-PAGE, electrotransfer, and subsequent incubation with 125I-labeled β-VLDL (Figure 5). Membranes from the previously used F-9 cells (with and without RA+dcAMP) and from the normal freshly isolated (FM1) and derepressed (PM1) mononuclear cells served as assay controls. In addition, membranes from mononuclear cells from another normal subject were included. These cells had been assayed for specific125I-labeled LDL degradation, at a concentration of 25 μg of 125I-labeled LDL/ml with and without excess unlabeled LDL (250 μg/ml), immediately after their isolation (FM2) and after 48 hours of LPDS preincubation (PM2).
Figure 5Suppressed LDL receptor expression in leukemic cell membranes from 10 patients. Cell membranes were prepared from mononuclear cells of six patients with AML of the indicated FAB types, from three patients with ALL, and from one subject with CML in blast crisis (CML). As reference, cell membranes were prepared from freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells (FM1 and FM2) and normal monocytes that had been preincubated for 48 hours in LPDS medium to derepress LDL receptor expression (PM1 and PM2). In addition, cell membranes were prepared from mouse F-9 cells preincubated in the absence (F9) and the presence of RA/dcAMP (F9+RA). Cell membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 6% gel, electrotransferred onto a nitrocellulose filter, and subsequently incubated with125I-labeled β-VLDL as described. The filter was exposed to film for 36 hours. The radioactivity in 120-kd bands was quantitated in arbitrary units (AU), using a Bio-Imager. In samples where the specific125I-labeled LDL degradation was assayed, this was performed in parallel to freezing of cell aliquots for later preparation of membranes for SDS-PAGE. The 125I-labeled LDL degradation of mononuclear cells is expressed as ng of125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells, and for F-9 cells (asterisk) as ng of125I-labeled LDL/hour/mg of cell protein.
Again, LDL receptors were just barely detectable in freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells (FM1 and FM2). Preincubation in LPDS medium resulted in a clearly detectable 120-kd band in membranes from mononuclear cells of both normal subjects (PM1 and PM2). The LDL receptor expression was slightly reduced in F-9 cells after incubation with RA+dcAMP, although the specific degradation of125I-labeled LDL increased 2.3-fold, in agreement with previous data.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
In the leukemic samples, LDL receptors (120-kd bands) were only barely detectable in a few samples, and quantitation of the ∼120-kd bands in all leukemic cell samples revealed lower expression than found in freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells (FM1 and FM2). In all ALL samples, a clear band was present at ∼100 kd; no attempt was made to further characterize this. It could thus be confirmed that the LDL receptor expression in all leukemic samples assayed was strongly suppressed to levels even lower than found in freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells. The whole assay was repeated twice, first using another batch of125I-labeled β-VLDL and then using human125I-labeled LDL as ligand. When human125I-labeled LDL was used, background levels were increased, but the results were the same in both experiments (not shown).
We then assayed the same series of samples for the presence of gp330/megalin, using the MAb against rat gp330/megalin (Figure 6). To verify the specificity of the assay it was shown that the gp330/megalin expression was increased 20-fold in F-9 cells incubated with RA+dcAMP. No gp330/megalin was detected in normal or malignant mononuclear cells. We proceeded to determine the ability of 125I-labeled RAP to bind to the separated cell membranes (Figure 7). As gp330/megalin was not present in the samples, all125I-labeled RAP binding to ∼500-kd region should then presumably, by exclusion, represent binding to LRP. Strong bands were obtained in the ∼500-kd region, and F-9 cells incubated with RA+dcAMP showed an additional strong band having a clearly slower mobility, obviously due to the binding of 125I-labeled RAP to gp330/megalin in that sample. Strong ∼500-kd bands were present in samples from fresh and derepressed normal mononuclear cells. In the samples from the leukemia patients, there was a wide variation in the expression of the ∼500-kd band. Low expression was found in ALL and AML of the M2 and M3 subtypes, whereas subtypes M4 and M5b had higher expression.
Figure 6Absence of detectable gp330/megalin protein in cell membranes from normal and leukemic mononuclear cells. All samples used are described in the legend to Figure 5. Cell membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 3% to 4% gradient gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was incubated (0.7 μg/ml) with mouse MAb 1H2 against rat gp330/megalin, which cross-reacts with human gp330/megalin. The mouse MAb was visualized using a GAM 125I-labeled antibody (2 × 106 cpm/ml). The blot was exposed to film for 36 hours. The radioactivity in the ∼500-kd bands was determined with a Bio-Imager.
Figure 7125I-labeled RAP blot of normal and leukemic mononuclear cell membranes. The samples used are described in the legend to Figure 5. Cell membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 3% to 4% gradient gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was incubated with 25 × 10−9 mol/L (1 μg/ml)125I-labeled RAP and, after wash, exposed to film for 18 hours. The radioactivity of ∼500-kd bands was quantitated using a Bio-Imager.
To confirm the identity of the ∼500-kd RAP-binding band, we finally analyzed all samples using an anti-LRP antibody (Figure 8). Strong ∼500-kd bands were seen both in the freshly isolated and in the derepressed normal mononuclear cells (lanes 1, 2, and 6). The expression of this band was somewhat reduced in F-9 cells treated with RA+dcAMP as compared with untreated F-9 cells (lanes 4 and 3, respectively), in agreement with previous results.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
There was a wide variation in the expression of this band in the samples of leukemic cells. Relatively low expression was found in ALL and AML of the M2 and M3 subtypes. The highest expression was observed in samples from patients with the M4 and M5b subtype of AML (lanes 12 and 13).
Figure 8Immunoblot for LRP of cell membranes from normal and leukemic mononuclear cells. The samples used are described in the legend to Figure 5. Cell membranes were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 3% to 4% gradient gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was incubated (0.8 μg/ml) with rabbit polyclonal antibody R-777 directed against human LRP. The rabbit antibody was visualized using125I-labeled GAR (2 × 106 cpm/ml). The picture was generated using a Bio-Imager, and the radioactivity of the ∼500-kd bands was quantitated using a Bio-Imager.
Using a direct ligand blot assay, the present study has shown that the expression of LDL receptors in cell membranes from 10 patients with leukemia is suppressed to levels not higher than those observed in cell membranes from freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells. Of the seven patients with myelogenous leukemia, one was CML in blast crisis and two were AML of the M4 form and one of the M5b form, three particular subgroups where cellular LDL degradation is almost invariably elevated.
In one of these M4 patients (patient 2), we had the occasion to assay the specific degradation of125I-labeled LDL in freshly isolated leukemic cells, using derepressed normal mononuclear cells as reference. It was indeed found that this AML patient had a very high specific degradation rate of125I-labeled LDL, being sevenfold higher than that of derepressed normal mononuclear cells. This corresponds to a 50- to 100-fold higher 125I-labeled LDL degradation rate compared with freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells, in which degradation averages ∼0.5 ng of 125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells when assayed at 25 μg/ml 125I-labeled LDL.
However, despite this very high specific degradation of 125I-labeled LDL, the cell membranes from these tumor cells had an LDL receptor expression that was suppressed to levels not exceeding those found in freshly isolated normal mononuclear cells.
were the first to demonstrate that freshly isolated cells from patients with AML, in contrast to cells from patients with lymphoblastic leukemia, had excessive degradation of125I-labeled LDL. Their findings were made using samples from five patients with AML and two patients with CML in blast crisis. The increased degradation of 125I-labeled LDL was interpreted to be due to high-affinity cell surface receptors for LDL, as it was shown to be specific for LDL. However, competition studies using LDL showed a lower affinity than that previously established for this process in normal mononuclear cells.
Thus, when leukemic cells were incubated with 25 μg/ml 125I-labeled LDL in the presence of 50 and 100 μg/ml unlabeled LDL, the initial degradation was inhibited only by ∼20% and 50%, respectively.
Performing a similar experiment on normal mononuclear cells using 15 μg/ml 125I-labeled LDL in the presence of 15 and 60 μg/ml unlabeled LDL, the same authors reported inhibitions of the initial degradation by ∼40% and 75%, respectively.
Furthermore, it was shown that the increased basal degradation of 125I-labeled LDL by AML cells of one subject could not be suppressed after the addition of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol.
These results argue somewhat against the LDL receptor being responsible for the high basal degradation rate of 125I-labeled LDL in AML cells. However, on the other hand, it was shown that the high basal specific degradation rate could be strongly induced by preincubating the cells in LPDS medium and that this induction did not occur in the presence of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol. This would support the involvement of the LDL receptor. However, the quantitative increase in specific 125I-labeled LDL degradation was four to five times higher in derepressed leukemic cells
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
They could confirm that the high basal specific degradation of125I-labeled LDL in cells from an AML patient was not suppressed by cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol, in contrast to normal mononuclear cells. When leukemic cells were derepressed for only 15 hours, the degradation increased from a basal value of 6.7 up to 50.9 ng of 125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells, whereas normal mononuclear cells, with an initial degradation rate of ∼0.5 ng of 125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells, could increase their degradation to only ∼1.6 ng of125I-labeled LDL/hour/106 cells. Thus, the capacity to increase the specific 125I-labeled LDL degradation was ∼40 times higher in the leukemic cells than in normal mononuclear cells.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
assayed the LDL receptor mRNA levels in cell extracts from the AML patients by solution hybridization. Several noteworthy observations were made. First, the LDL receptor mRNA/125I-labeled LDL degradation ratio was 5- to 10-fold higher in normal mononuclear cells than in cells from two AML patients displaying high basal LDL degradation rates. Second, when cells from AML patients were derepressed, there was no clear relation between the increase in 125I-labeled LDL degradation and the LDL receptor mRNA level. Third, there was a poor correlation between LDL receptor mRNA levels and 125I-labeled LDL degradation, and it was evident that a high basal degradation rate of125I-labeled LDL was not necessarily associated with an increased LDL receptor mRNA level. Fourth, there was no correlation between the mRNA levels for the LDL receptor and HMG CoA reductase in leukemic samples, whereas a significant correlation was obtained using normal mononuclear cells. Finally, there was an inverse relation between the cellular 125I-labeled LDL degradation and the activity of HMG CoA reductase among leukemic samples, in contrast to normal mononuclear cells where a significant positive correlation was found.
The findings of a reduced or absent feedback inhibition of the LDL degradation was recently confirmed by Tatidis et al, who also found that there was no correlation between the free cholesterol in cells and LDL degradation in the material of 27 AML subjects.
They did find, however, that there was a strong correlation between cellular LDL degradation and the number of white blood cells in peripheral blood, suggesting that the elevated LDL degradation is linked to growth stimulation.
We believe that the above findings may be in agreement with our present findings of a strongly suppressed LDL receptor expression in cells from patients with AML. The mRNA data of the previous study
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
also argue against a possible, albeit not very likely, explanation of our data, namely, that the turnover of LDL receptors would be increased 5- to 100-fold in cells from AML patients. We therefore suggest that the high basal specific uptake and degradation of LDL, frequently observed in AML, may involve a steroid-resistant cell surface receptor and not the LDL receptor. The increased uptake of LDL cholesterol by such a structure will then suppress the LDL receptor expression and, in addition, lead to a suppressed activity of HMG CoA reductase as previously shown.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
Whether suppressed LDL receptor expression is frequent in tumors remains an open question. However, in support of this possibility are our previous findings in renal cell carcinoma, where the mRNA levels for the LDL receptor and HMG CoA reductase were coordinately reduced as compared with those of normal kidney.
Low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA levels are coordinately reduced in human renal cell carcinoma.
If the LDL receptor would not be involved, what mechanism could then be responsible for the increased basal specific degradation of LDL in AML cells, particularly regarding the finding of an absent binding of125I-labeled β-VLDL or 125I-labeled LDL to SDS-PAGE-separated cell membranes? The possibility of a pronounced proteolytic degradation only in our AML samples is not very likely because the large LRP, which should be sensitive to proteolysis, could be readily detected in several samples as, eg, patient 2. If such a proteolytic degradation were present, the LRP abundancy would then in fact be highly underestimated.
One possible candidate could be gp330/megalin, as recent studies have shown that this protein can mediate specific degradation of125I-labeled LDL with a several-fold lower affinity as compared with the LDL receptor.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
This LDL degradation is also resistant to suppression by cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol (M. Rudling, unpublished). However, immunoblots for this protein could not detect the presence of gp330/megalin in malignant or normal mononuclear cells. A second candidate could be the recently discovered VLDL receptor,
Immunocytochemical identification of the human α2-macroglobulin receptor in monocytes and fibroblasts: monoclonal antibodies define the receptor as a monocyte differentiation antigen.
and LRP expression has actually been proposed as a measure of monocytic differentiation. In contrast, little or no LRP expression is present in cells from patients with plasma cell leukemia, acute or chronic lymphatic leukemia, or hairy cell leukemia;
Disease-related hypocholesterolemia in patients with hairy cell leukemia: positive correlation with spleen size but not with tumor cell burden or low density lipoprotein receptor activity.
Using ligand blot with RAP as well as LRP immunoblot, we could confirm a high expression of LRP in cells of monocytic differentiation. The highest LRP expression in the present series was indeed observed in cell membranes from the M5b patient. Low expression was found in cells from patients with ALL, a form of leukemia that has previously been shown not to exhibit any increased specific LDL degradation.
It has recently been claimed that LRP may mediate cellular binding and catabolism of LDL in vitro, although the biological significance of such a mechanism is yet unknown.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor on murine peritoneal macrophages mediates the binding and catabolism of low-density lipoprotein.
It should be noted that LRP was also abundant in normal mononuclear cells. The expression of LRP may thus be a necessary prerequisite for leukemic cells to take up and degrade LDL at a high rate, but other mechanisms operating via LRP may determine the degree of excessive LDL uptake. Such mechanisms may include the synthesis and secretion of apoE, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), urokinase, or plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-I). Studies have shown that apoE and LPL can indeed be expressed in leukemic cells.
ApoE and/or LPL may interact with several lipoproteins, including LDL, thereby facilitating their binding to LRP and subsequent uptake, as has been shown to occur in vitro.
Lipoprotein lipase induces catabolism of normal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins via the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor in vitro: a process facilitated by cell-surface proteoglycans.
The α2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein binds lipoprotein lipase and β-migrating very low density lipoprotein associated with the lipase.
It may thus be speculated that the high basal, sterol-resistant LDL degradation in AML could be due to the presence of excess of, eg, LPL or apoE interacting with LRP and subsequently LDL. Such mechanisms could also explain why AML cells respond with a highly increased LDL degradation after cholesterol deprivation, as it has been shown that LPL can induce receptor-mediated catabolism of VLDL via the LDL receptor due to the binding of LPL to the LDL receptor.
An involvement of a secreted structure that promotes binding, such as LPL or apoE, would also explain why the ligand blots using β-VLDL or LDL could not visualize any particular structure in the above AML samples. Finally, it should be emphasized that other, not yet described, uptake mechanisms for LDL might operate in AML cells.
It is important to note that the increased LDL uptake in leukemic cells likely occurs in vivo. This has been shown after intravenous injection of [14C]sucrose-labeled LDL into patients with AML.
Uptake of low density lipoproteins by human leukemic cells in vivo: relation to plasma lipoprotein levels and possible relevance for selective chemotherapy.
Low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA levels are coordinately reduced in human renal cell carcinoma.
C radioactivity and specific 125I-labeled LDL degradation of mononuclear cells assayed in vitro. It was also evident that leukemic bone marrow accumulated significant amounts of the injected 14C radioactivity.
Uptake of low density lipoproteins by human leukemic cells in vivo: relation to plasma lipoprotein levels and possible relevance for selective chemotherapy.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
also supports that these tumor cells have an increased LDL uptake in vivo. Furthermore, leukemic cell catabolism of LDL was strongly and inversely correlated with plasma LDL cholesterol levels.
Uptake of low density lipoproteins by human leukemic cells in vivo: relation to plasma lipoprotein levels and possible relevance for selective chemotherapy.
Hypocholesterolaemia in malignancy due to elevated low-density-lipoprotein-receptor activity in tumour cells: evidence from studies in patients with leukaemia.
AML of the M4 and M5 forms may thus be an important disease prototype, where a lipoprotein uptake mechanism distinct from the LDL receptor may be involved in the significant alteration of plasma LDL cholesterol levels in man. Whether such an uptake mechanism for LDL operates in vivo in certain immature normal blood cells within the bone marrow remains to be explored. However, mixes of mononuclear cells obtained from bone marrow samples of normal subjects have similar degradation rates of125I-labeled LDL as cells derived from peripheral blood.
have shown that LDL receptors on bone-marrow-derived cells do not significantly contribute to the clearance of plasma LDL or to the plasma lipoprotein pattern in mice after transplantation of normal bone marrow to LDL receptor gene knockout mice.
In summary, we have not been able to confirm that the LDL receptor number is increased in cell membranes from patients with AML of subtypes known to have an enhanced degradation of LDL. This finding, together with data of previous experiments described above, suggest that the LDL receptor is not responsible for the increased metabolism of LDL in AML cells. Of four presently known receptors within the LDL receptor family, only LRP was significantly expressed in AML cells. Whether LRP or some other not yet defined structure could be of importance for the increased specific uptake and accumulation of LDL in AML cells remains to be elucidated. Additional studies on this specific uptake mechanism are therefore warranted.
Acknowledgements
We thank Mrs. Lilian Larson for expert technical assistance and Drs. Dudley Strickland, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD, and Robert McCluskey, Pathology Research Laboratory, Harvard/Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, for kindly providing antibodies.
Low density lipoprotein receptor-binding activity in human tissues: quantitative importance of hepatic receptors and evidence for regulation of their expression in vivo.
Multilevel regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in normal and leukemic cells.
Binding and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured human fibroblasts: comparison of cells from a normal subject and from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Glycoprotein 330/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 mediates endocytosis of low density lipoproteins via interaction with apolipoprotein B100.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor on murine peritoneal macrophages mediates the binding and catabolism of low-density lipoprotein.
Low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA levels are coordinately reduced in human renal cell carcinoma.
Uptake of low density lipoproteins by human leukemic cells in vivo: relation to plasma lipoprotein levels and possible relevance for selective chemotherapy.
Disease-related hypocholesterolemia in patients with hairy cell leukemia: positive correlation with spleen size but not with tumor cell burden or low density lipoprotein receptor activity.
“Western blotting”: electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A.
Surface location and high affinity for calcium of a 500-kd liver membrane protein closely related to the LDL-receptor suggest a physiological role as lipoprotein receptor.
Immunocytochemical identification of the human α2-macroglobulin receptor in monocytes and fibroblasts: monoclonal antibodies define the receptor as a monocyte differentiation antigen.
Lipoprotein lipase induces catabolism of normal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins via the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor in vitro: a process facilitated by cell-surface proteoglycans.
The α2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein binds lipoprotein lipase and β-migrating very low density lipoprotein associated with the lipase.
Hypocholesterolaemia in malignancy due to elevated low-density-lipoprotein-receptor activity in tumour cells: evidence from studies in patients with leukaemia.
Supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (03X-7137), the Swedish Society for Medical Research, the Ax:son Johnson, Jeansson, Widengren, and Ruth and Richard Julin foundations, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, and the Karolinska Institute.
65706-9&id=gr1.jpg){kind=link}
65706-9&id=gr2.jpg){kind=link}
65706-9&id=gr3.jpg){kind=link}
65706-9&id=gr4.jpg){kind=link}
65706-9&id=gr5.jpg){kind=link}
65706-9&id=gr6.jpg){kind=link}
65706-9&id=gr7.jpg){kind=link}
65706-9&id=gr8.jpg){kind=link}