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Commentary| Volume 191, ISSUE 11, P1963-1965, November 2021

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Pathophysiology of Hyaluronan Accumulation/Depolymerization in Osteoarthritic Joints

  • Yoshihiro Nishida
    Correspondence
    Address correspondence to Yoshihiro Nishida, M.D., Ph.D., Nagoya University Hospital, 65-Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
    Affiliations
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
    Search for articles by this author
Open ArchivePublished:September 07, 2021DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.08.007
Pathophysiology of Hyaluronan Accumulation/Depolymerization in Osteoarthritic Joints
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      In healthy articular cartilage, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is properly maintained by the overall anabolic and catabolic balance of slow synthesis and degradation, a so-called homeostatic state, under the influence of synovial metabolism. Though the ECM of articular cartilage tissue contains low amounts of hyaluronan (HA), its main components are collagen, type II, IX, and XI, and proteoglycans, such as aggrecan. Nevertheless, HA plays crucial roles in cartilage, especially in retaining aggrecan in tissues.
      • Buckwalter J.A.
      • Rosenberg L.C.
      Electron microscopic studies of cartilage proteoglycans: direct evidence for the variable length of the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of proteoglycan subunit core protein.
      J Biol Chem. 1982; 257: 9830-9839
      Previous studies on ECM degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) focused on the degradation of the proteoglycan, aggrecan,
      • Yang C.Y.
      • Chanalaris A.
      • Troeberg L.
      ADAMTS and ADAM metalloproteinases in osteoarthritis - looking beyond the “usual suspects.
      Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017; 25: 1000-1009
      but not that of HA. The mechanism of HA synthesis in articular cartilage and synovium has been elucidated by the expression and functional analysis of hyaluronan synthase 1 to 3. However, research on the HA degradation system has not progressed because the main enzymes involved are not well understood. The research article by Momoeda et al,
      • Momoeda M.
      • Vega Sd
      • Kaneko H.
      • Yoshinaga C.
      • Shimoda M.
      • Nakamura T.
      • Endo Y.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Okada Y.
      Deletion of Hybid (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) results in attenuation of osteoarthritis in mice.
      Am J Pathol. 2021; 191: 1986-1998
      in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, provides new findings on the involvement of a novel hyaluronidase in OA development using genetically manipulated mice.
      Among the molecules in the hyaluronan-degrading enzyme (HYAL) family, HYAL1 and HYAL2 are widely expressed and have been hypothesized to be the major hyaluronidases involved in HA catabolism in somatic tissues. However, research data on HYAL1 and HYAL2 do not support them being the central hyaluronidases that cleave high-molecular-weight (HMW) HA on the cell surface or extracellular space. This is because both HYAL1 and HYAL2 have enzymatic activity in the acidic condition,
      • Afify A.M.
      • Stern M.
      • Guntenhöner M.
      • Stern R.
      Purification and characterization of human serum hyaluronidase.
      Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993; 305: 434-441
      ,
      • Lepperdinger G.
      • Strobl B.
      • Kreil G.
      HYAL2, a human gene expressed in many cells, encodes a lysosomal hyaluronidase with a novel type of specificity.
      J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 22466-22470
      whereas HYAL2, which has enzymatic activity on the cell membrane, has 50 times lower enzymatic activity than HYAL1.
      • Rai S.K.
      • Duh F.M.
      • Vigdorovich V.
      • Danilkovitch-Miagkova A.
      • Lerman M.I.
      • Miller A.D.
      Candidate tumor suppressor HYAL2 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell-surface receptor for jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, the envelope protein of which mediates oncogenic transformation.
      Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 4443-4448
      Recently, two new molecules with strong hyaluronan degrading activity have been identified. First, KIAA1199, a deafness gene of unknown function, was reported to play a central role in HA degradation in the dermis of healthy skin and the synovium of arthritis patients.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Nagaoka A.
      • Kusaka-Kikushima A.
      • Tobiishi M.
      • Kawabata K.
      • Sayo T.
      • Sakai S.
      • Sugiyama Y.
      • Enomoto H.
      • Okada Y.
      • Inoue S.
      KIAA1199, a deafness gene of unknown function, is a new hyaluronan binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization.
      Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 5612-5617
      The authors proposed to name KIAA1199 as HYBID (a hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization).
      • Nagaoka A.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Nakamura S.
      • Morikawa T.
      • Kawabata K.
      • Kobayashi M.
      • Sakai S.
      • Takahashi Y.
      • Okada Y.
      • Inoue S.
      Regulation of hyaluronan (HA) metabolism mediated by HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in HA depolymerization, KIAA1199) and HA synthases in growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts.
      J Biol Chem. 2015; 290: 30910-30923
      This molecule is also named CEMIP (cell migration–inducing protein) because it also has an important role in oncology.
      • Evensen N.A.
      • Li Y.
      • Kuscu C.
      • Liu J.
      • Cathcart J.
      • Banach A.
      • Zhang Q.
      • Li E.
      • Joshi S.
      • Yang J.
      • Denoya P.I.
      • Pastorekova S.
      • Zucker S.
      • Shroyer K.R.
      • Cao J.
      Hypoxia promotes colon cancer dissemination through up-regulation of cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP).
      Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 20723-20739
      Second, transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) was identified as a cell surface hyaluronidase. Unlike HYBID/CEMIP/KIAA1199, TMEM2 does not require the participation of live cells for its hyaluronidase activity.
      • Yamamoto H.
      • Tobisawa Y.
      • Inubushi T.
      • Irie F.
      • Ohyama C.
      • Yamaguchi Y.
      A mammalian homolog of the zebrafish transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) is the long-sought-after cell-surface hyaluronidase.
      J Biol Chem. 2017; 292: 7304-7313
      The culture supernatant of HYBID-transfected cells has almost no HA-degrading activity.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Nagaoka A.
      • Kusaka-Kikushima A.
      • Tobiishi M.
      • Kawabata K.
      • Sayo T.
      • Sakai S.
      • Sugiyama Y.
      • Enomoto H.
      • Okada Y.
      • Inoue S.
      KIAA1199, a deafness gene of unknown function, is a new hyaluronan binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization.
      Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 5612-5617
      In contrast, TMEM2 has been shown to act in the extracellular environment.
      • Yamamoto H.
      • Tobisawa Y.
      • Inubushi T.
      • Irie F.
      • Ohyama C.
      • Yamaguchi Y.
      A mammalian homolog of the zebrafish transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) is the long-sought-after cell-surface hyaluronidase.
      J Biol Chem. 2017; 292: 7304-7313
      When and how these old and new hyaluronidases (HYAL1, HYAL2, HYBID/KIAA1199/CEMIP, and TMEM2) are involved in the onset and progression of OA is unknown.

      Involvement of Hyaluronidase in the Onset and Progression of OA

      HA degradation by HYAL1 occurs intracellularly, and deficient mutation of Hyal1 causes a lysosomal storage disorder, mucopolysaccharidosis IX.
      • Martin D.C.
      • Atmuri V.
      • Hemming R.J.
      • Farley J.
      • Mort J.S.
      • Byers S.
      • Hombach-Klonisch S.
      • Csoka A.B.
      • Stern R.
      • Triggs-Raine B.L.
      A mouse model of human mucopolysaccharidosis IX exhibits osteoarthritis.
      Hum Mol Genet. 2008; 17: 1904-1915
      Histologic analysis of the knee joint of Hyal1 null mice showed that proteoglycan loss occurred at 3 months and progressed with age. An increased number of chondrocytes, showing strong pericellular and/or cytoplasmic HA staining, was detected in the epiphysis and articular cartilage of null mice, indicating HA accumulation. These results indicate that osteoarthritis is an important disease feature of Hyal1 deficiency, but it is not known whether high expression of Hyal1 is involved in the development of OA. Cartilage-specific conditional Hyal2−/− mice, Col2a1-dependent conditional knockout mice using the Cre-loxP system, revealed accelerated OA development not only in the natural course of aged mice, but also in a destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery-induced OA model.
      • Higuchi Y.
      • Nishida Y.
      • Kozawa E.
      • Zhuo L.
      • Arai E.
      • Hamada S.
      • Morita D.
      • Ikuta K.
      • Kimata K.
      • Ushida T.
      • Ishiguro N.
      Conditional knockdown of hyaluronidase 2 in articular cartilage stimulates osteoarthritic progression in a mice model.
      Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 7028
      HA deposition was increased in the pericellular area and in and around the chondrocytes in Hyal2−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice with DMM surgery at 10 weeks. Proteoglycan was reduced in Hyal2−/− (DMM) mice compared with WT (DMM) mice with Safranin-O staining. The authors concluded that Hyal2 deficiency showed similar OA features to those of Hyal1 deficiency, suggesting that defects of Hyal2 cause a novel mucopolysaccharidosis-like disorder of HA storage. Hyal3−/− mice were viable, fertile, and showed no gross phenotypic abnormalities. In addition, a study of 12- to 14-month–old mice showed no difference in knee joint tissue between Hyal3−/− mice and Hyal3+/+ mice.
      • Atmuri V.
      • Martin D.C.
      • Hemming R.
      • Gutsol A.
      • Byers S.
      • Sahebjam S.
      • Thliveris J.A.
      • Mort J.S.
      • Carmona E.
      • Anderson J.E.
      • Dakshinamurti S.
      • Triggs-Raine B.
      Hyaluronidase 3 (HYAL3) knockout mice do not display evidence of hyaluronan accumulation.
      Matrix Biol. 2008; 27: 653-660
      These findings suggest that Hyal3 does not play crucial roles in the development of OA or ECM degradation of articular cartilage. As described above, HYAL1 and HYAL2 seem to achieve homeostasis of the ECM of articular cartilage by regulating the metabolism of HA, thereby avoiding the development of OA.
      In contrast to these studies, Momoeda et al,
      • Momoeda M.
      • Vega Sd
      • Kaneko H.
      • Yoshinaga C.
      • Shimoda M.
      • Nakamura T.
      • Endo Y.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Okada Y.
      Deletion of Hybid (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) results in attenuation of osteoarthritis in mice.
      Am J Pathol. 2021; 191: 1986-1998
      in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, reported that in nonintervention mice, observed up to 60 weeks of age, the results showed only minimal structural changes and proteoglycan depletion in both Hybid null and WT mice. HA staining with HA-binding protein also showed no difference between WT and Hybid null mice. Unlike the Hyal1 and Hyal2 null mice, the Hybid null mice did not cause a spontaneous OA change, suggesting that Hybid has less constitutive activity in articular cartilage. They provided the results using two types of OA-induced models (medical collateral ligament transection with meniscus removal model and DMM model) with Hybid−/− mice. Destruction of articular cartilage is suppressed in Hybid null mice in parallel with the accumulation of high-molecular-weight HA in joint tissue. In contrast, WT mice show high expression of Hybid in synovial cells and chondrocytes and a lower ratio of HA species >1000 kDa compared with Hybid null mice. Hybid expression is elevated in an OA-inducing environment, suggesting that it is deeply involved in OA onset and progression. The OA-induced model of Momoeda et al
      • Momoeda M.
      • Vega Sd
      • Kaneko H.
      • Yoshinaga C.
      • Shimoda M.
      • Nakamura T.
      • Endo Y.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Okada Y.
      Deletion of Hybid (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) results in attenuation of osteoarthritis in mice.
      Am J Pathol. 2021; 191: 1986-1998
      had elevated expression of Tmem2, although not as much as Hybid, suggesting that Tmem2 may play some roles in OA onset and development.

      Hyaluronidase in Developed OA, Potential Therapeutic Intervention

      A previous study indicated that synovial tissues obtained from knee OA patients had a 5.5-fold expression of HYBID compared with normal control synovium, and TMEM2 expression was similar between OA and normal tissues.
      • Shiozawa J.
      • de Vega S.
      • Cilek M.Z.
      • Yoshinaga C.
      • Nakamura T.
      • Kasamatsu S.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Kaneko H.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Okada Y.
      Implication of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) in hyaluronan degradation by synovial fibroblasts in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
      Am J Pathol. 2020; 190: 1046-1058
      Of the 12 factors examined, IL-6 significantly up-regulated HYBID expression and HA degradation activity in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts. For articular cartilage, Shimizu et al
      • Shimizu H.
      • Shimoda M.
      • Mochizuki S.
      • Miyamae Y.
      • Abe H.
      • Chijiiwa M.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Shiozawa J.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Kanaji A.
      • Nakamura M.
      • Toyama Y.
      • Okada Y.
      Hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization is up-regulated and involved in hyaluronan degradation in human osteoarthritic cartilage.
      Am J Pathol. 2018; 188: 2109-2119
      demonstrated that HYBID is overexpressed by chondrocytes in the HA depleted area of OA cartilage, correlating directly with the Mankin score, and HYBID expression in the OA cartilage cells is up-regulated by tumor necrosis factor-α. They also indicated that HYAL1 and HYAL2 expression was up-regulated in OA chondrocytes; however, suppression of HYBID with siRNA eliminated HA depolymerization activity, and siRNA against HYAL1 and HYAL2 did not suppress HA depolymerization. Ohtsuki et al
      • Ohtsuki T.
      • Hatipoglu O.F.
      • Asano K.
      • Inagaki J.
      • Nishida K.
      • Hirohata S.
      Induction of CEMIP in chondrocytes by inflammatory cytokines: underlying mechanisms and potential involvement in osteoarthritis.
      Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21: 3140
      reported that CEMIP/HYBID expression was transiently increased by IL-1β stimulation in chondrocytic cells in vitro. These results suggest that HYBID is highly expressed in OA cartilage and synovial tissues and might play a central role in HA depolymerization under inflammatory conditions.
      Can HYBID, which is highly expressed in OA, be a therapeutic target? If highly expressed HYBID is suppressed in a state of OA, can reversible changes in the pathophysiology of OA be expected and, if possible, reversal of symptoms? The stage of OA (Kellgren-Lawrence classification) HYBID that can be a therapeutic target has not been studied yet. Because OA is multifactorial, if it progresses to some extent, it may progress if only HYBID is targeted, and therefore may require some combination therapy. These will be important research topics for the future.

      Does Exogenously Administered HMW-HA Compensate for HA Degradation of OA?

      Momoeda et al,
      • Momoeda M.
      • Vega Sd
      • Kaneko H.
      • Yoshinaga C.
      • Shimoda M.
      • Nakamura T.
      • Endo Y.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Okada Y.
      Deletion of Hybid (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) results in attenuation of osteoarthritis in mice.
      Am J Pathol. 2021; 191: 1986-1998
      in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, reported that injections of HMW-HA inhibited the cartilage destruction in a WT mouse OA group. HA injected into joints has been reported to have a half-life of <24 hours,
      • Engström-Laurent A.
      Hyaluronan in joint disease.
      J Int Med. 1997; 242: 57-60
      and it is unlikely that HA in the joint fluid can act as a long-acting viscosupplement having a sustained inhibitory effect on OA development. HYBID, a strong hyaluronidase, may catabolize exogenously added HA in joint fluid much faster under inflammatory conditions. Momoeda et al
      • Momoeda M.
      • Vega Sd
      • Kaneko H.
      • Yoshinaga C.
      • Shimoda M.
      • Nakamura T.
      • Endo Y.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Okada Y.
      Deletion of Hybid (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) results in attenuation of osteoarthritis in mice.
      Am J Pathol. 2021; 191: 1986-1998
      suggested that HMW-HA itself may have a biological activity to attenuate OA development. Their data showed that HYBID null mice accumulated HMW-HA in the OA model, and injection of HMW-HA suppressed cartilage degradation in the OA model using WT mice. Another possibility is that exogenous HMW-HA can act as a competitive inhibitor of endogenous HA breakdown. Because the mechanism of action of HMW-HA on suppression of cartilage degradation was not clear, the findings of Momoeda et al
      • Momoeda M.
      • Vega Sd
      • Kaneko H.
      • Yoshinaga C.
      • Shimoda M.
      • Nakamura T.
      • Endo Y.
      • Yoshida H.
      • Kaneko K.
      • Ishijima M.
      • Okada Y.
      Deletion of Hybid (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) results in attenuation of osteoarthritis in mice.
      Am J Pathol. 2021; 191: 1986-1998
      have provided new mechanistic insights into the role of HMW-HA in preventing cartilage degradation.
      In articular cartilage, which contains abundant high-quality ECM, is it possible for exogenously added HMW-HA to penetrate and/or accumulate in cartilage tissue? Fukuda et al
      • Fukuda K.
      • Dan H.
      • Takayama M.
      • Kumano F.
      • Saitoh M.
      • Tanaka S.
      Hyaluronic acid increases proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage in the presence of interleukin-1.
      J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996; 277: 1672-1675
      show that exogenous HA does not penetrate cartilage, and remains on the surface. However, if treated with IL-1, exogenous HA deposits pericellular matrix of chondrocytes in articular cartilage.
      • Fukuda K.
      • Dan H.
      • Takayama M.
      • Kumano F.
      • Saitoh M.
      • Tanaka S.
      Hyaluronic acid increases proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage in the presence of interleukin-1.
      J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996; 277: 1672-1675
      This suggests that, in inflammatory conditions, exogenous HA could affect the deep-seated chondrocytes.
      HA injection in human OA has some effect. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine issued a scientific statement in 2016 regarding intra-articular HA injections for knee OA.
      • Dysart S.
      • Utkina K.
      • Stong L.
      • Nelson W.
      • Sacks N.
      • Healey B.
      • Niazi F.
      Insights from real-world analysis of treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed knee osteoarthritis.
      Am Health Drug Benefits. 2021; 14: 56-62
      There is evidence to support intra-articular HA treatment for Kellgren-Lawrence classification grade 2 or 3 knee OA in patients aged ≥60 years. However, intra-articular HA treatment might not be effective in patients with Kellgren-Lawrence classification grade 4. Taken together, the effect of exogenous HA may differ depending on the stage of OA. It seems highly improbable to compensate for the effects of overexpressed HYBID in any state of OA.

      Perspectives

      HYBID/CEMIP/KIAA1199 is highly expressed in OA, is clearly associated with its onset and progression, and appears to play a greater role than Hyal1 or Hyal2. A drug that suppresses the expression and function of HYBID/CEMIP/KIAA1199 during OA onset is likely to suppress or delay the onset of OA. There is evidence for the efficacy of exercise and weight loss as treatments for OA. It would be interesting to examine the effects of these interventions on HYBID expression and function.

      References

        • Buckwalter J.A.
        • Rosenberg L.C.
        Electron microscopic studies of cartilage proteoglycans: direct evidence for the variable length of the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of proteoglycan subunit core protein.
        J Biol Chem. 1982; 257: 9830-9839
        View in Article
        • Yang C.Y.
        • Chanalaris A.
        • Troeberg L.
        ADAMTS and ADAM metalloproteinases in osteoarthritis - looking beyond the “usual suspects.
        Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017; 25: 1000-1009
        View in Article
        • Momoeda M.
        • Vega Sd
        • Kaneko H.
        • Yoshinaga C.
        • Shimoda M.
        • Nakamura T.
        • Endo Y.
        • Yoshida H.
        • Kaneko K.
        • Ishijima M.
        • Okada Y.
        Deletion of Hybid (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) results in attenuation of osteoarthritis in mice.
        Am J Pathol. 2021; 191: 1986-1998
        View in Article
        • Afify A.M.
        • Stern M.
        • Guntenhöner M.
        • Stern R.
        Purification and characterization of human serum hyaluronidase.
        Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993; 305: 434-441
        View in Article
        • Lepperdinger G.
        • Strobl B.
        • Kreil G.
        HYAL2, a human gene expressed in many cells, encodes a lysosomal hyaluronidase with a novel type of specificity.
        J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 22466-22470
        View in Article
        • Rai S.K.
        • Duh F.M.
        • Vigdorovich V.
        • Danilkovitch-Miagkova A.
        • Lerman M.I.
        • Miller A.D.
        Candidate tumor suppressor HYAL2 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell-surface receptor for jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, the envelope protein of which mediates oncogenic transformation.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 4443-4448
        View in Article
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        • Tobiishi M.
        • Kawabata K.
        • Sayo T.
        • Sakai S.
        • Sugiyama Y.
        • Enomoto H.
        • Okada Y.
        • Inoue S.
        KIAA1199, a deafness gene of unknown function, is a new hyaluronan binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 5612-5617
        View in Article
        • Nagaoka A.
        • Yoshida H.
        • Nakamura S.
        • Morikawa T.
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        • Sakai S.
        • Takahashi Y.
        • Okada Y.
        • Inoue S.
        Regulation of hyaluronan (HA) metabolism mediated by HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in HA depolymerization, KIAA1199) and HA synthases in growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts.
        J Biol Chem. 2015; 290: 30910-30923
        View in Article
        • Evensen N.A.
        • Li Y.
        • Kuscu C.
        • Liu J.
        • Cathcart J.
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        • Joshi S.
        • Yang J.
        • Denoya P.I.
        • Pastorekova S.
        • Zucker S.
        • Shroyer K.R.
        • Cao J.
        Hypoxia promotes colon cancer dissemination through up-regulation of cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP).
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        View in Article
        • Yamamoto H.
        • Tobisawa Y.
        • Inubushi T.
        • Irie F.
        • Ohyama C.
        • Yamaguchi Y.
        A mammalian homolog of the zebrafish transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) is the long-sought-after cell-surface hyaluronidase.
        J Biol Chem. 2017; 292: 7304-7313
        View in Article
        • Martin D.C.
        • Atmuri V.
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        • Farley J.
        • Mort J.S.
        • Byers S.
        • Hombach-Klonisch S.
        • Csoka A.B.
        • Stern R.
        • Triggs-Raine B.L.
        A mouse model of human mucopolysaccharidosis IX exhibits osteoarthritis.
        Hum Mol Genet. 2008; 17: 1904-1915
        View in Article
        • Higuchi Y.
        • Nishida Y.
        • Kozawa E.
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        • Arai E.
        • Hamada S.
        • Morita D.
        • Ikuta K.
        • Kimata K.
        • Ushida T.
        • Ishiguro N.
        Conditional knockdown of hyaluronidase 2 in articular cartilage stimulates osteoarthritic progression in a mice model.
        Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 7028
        View in Article
        • Atmuri V.
        • Martin D.C.
        • Hemming R.
        • Gutsol A.
        • Byers S.
        • Sahebjam S.
        • Thliveris J.A.
        • Mort J.S.
        • Carmona E.
        • Anderson J.E.
        • Dakshinamurti S.
        • Triggs-Raine B.
        Hyaluronidase 3 (HYAL3) knockout mice do not display evidence of hyaluronan accumulation.
        Matrix Biol. 2008; 27: 653-660
        View in Article
        • Shiozawa J.
        • de Vega S.
        • Cilek M.Z.
        • Yoshinaga C.
        • Nakamura T.
        • Kasamatsu S.
        • Yoshida H.
        • Kaneko H.
        • Ishijima M.
        • Kaneko K.
        • Okada Y.
        Implication of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization) in hyaluronan degradation by synovial fibroblasts in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
        Am J Pathol. 2020; 190: 1046-1058
        View in Article
        • Shimizu H.
        • Shimoda M.
        • Mochizuki S.
        • Miyamae Y.
        • Abe H.
        • Chijiiwa M.
        • Yoshida H.
        • Shiozawa J.
        • Ishijima M.
        • Kaneko K.
        • Kanaji A.
        • Nakamura M.
        • Toyama Y.
        • Okada Y.
        Hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization is up-regulated and involved in hyaluronan degradation in human osteoarthritic cartilage.
        Am J Pathol. 2018; 188: 2109-2119
        View in Article
        • Ohtsuki T.
        • Hatipoglu O.F.
        • Asano K.
        • Inagaki J.
        • Nishida K.
        • Hirohata S.
        Induction of CEMIP in chondrocytes by inflammatory cytokines: underlying mechanisms and potential involvement in osteoarthritis.
        Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21: 3140
        View in Article
        • Engström-Laurent A.
        Hyaluronan in joint disease.
        J Int Med. 1997; 242: 57-60
        View in Article
        • Fukuda K.
        • Dan H.
        • Takayama M.
        • Kumano F.
        • Saitoh M.
        • Tanaka S.
        Hyaluronic acid increases proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage in the presence of interleukin-1.
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      Article info

      Publication history

      Published online: September 07, 2021
      Accepted: August 23, 2021

      Footnotes

      See related article on page 1986

      Disclosures: None declared.

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      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.08.007

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      © 2021 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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      Linked Article

      • Deletion of Hyaluronan-Binding Protein Involved in Hyaluronan Depolymerization (HYBID) Results in Attenuation of Osteoarthritis in Mice
        The American Journal of PathologyVol. 191Issue 11
        • Preview
          Hyaluronan (HA)–binding protein involved in HA depolymerization (HYBID) is involved in cartilage destruction via HA depolymerization in human knee osteoarthritis. However, the role of HYBID in the progression of osteoarthritis remain elusive. This study sought to examine whether genetic depletion of Hybid could suppress surgically induced osteoarthritis of mouse knee joints. In osteoarthritis induced by medial collateral ligament transection with meniscus removal, articular cartilage destruction and osteophyte formation at the medial femoral-tibial joint were significantly inhibited in Hybid-deficient (Hybid−/−) mice compared with wild-type mice.
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